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5(2):Timber trees; Minor commercial timbers

Azadirachta excelsa (Jack) Jacobs

This article should be read together with the article on the genus: Azadirachta in the Handbook volume indicated above in this database.

Gard. Bull. Sing. 18: 75 (1961).

Melia excelsa Jack (1820), Azadirachta integrifolia Merr. (1909).

See genus treatment.

Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo, the Philippines, Sulawesi, the Aru Islands and New Guinea.

See genus treatment. It is also planted along roadsides and farm boundaries or in rubber plantations.

A large deciduous tree up to 50 m tall, bole up to 125 cm in diameter, buttresses absent; leaves up to 60(-90) cm long, with 7-11 pairs of leaflets, leaflets asymmetrical, lanceolate to elliptical, up to 12.5 cm x 3.5 cm, margin entire; flowers greenish-white; fruit oblong, 2.4-3.2 cm long. Azadirachta excelsa usually occurs in old clearings or old secondary forest, but is also found in primary dipterocarp forest, e.g. in Kalimantan, up to 350 m altitude. The density of the wood is 550-780 kg/m³ at 15% moisture content. See also the table on wood properties.

Burgess, P.F., 1966. Timbers of Sabah. Sabah Forest Records No 6. Forest Department, Sabah, Sandakan. xviii + 501 pp.
Burkill, I.H., 1966. A dictionary of the economic products of the Malay Peninsula. 2nd edition. Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operative, Kuala Lumpur. Vol. 1 (A-H) pp. 1-1240. Vol. 2 (I-Z) pp. 1241-2444.
Corner, E.J.H., 1939. Notes on the systematy and distribution of Malayan Phanerogamen III. Gardens' Bulletin, Singapore 10: 239-329.
Flora Malesiana (various editors), 1950-. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, London.
Hellinga, G., 1950. Houtsoorten voor aanplant op bedrijfsgrootte [Forest tree species for planting on a large scale]. Tectona 40: 179-229.
Hellinga, G., 1950. Resultaten van de proeftuinen voor boomgewassen sedert 1937. Loofhoutsoorten II [Results from trial plots for trees since 1937. Deciduous trees II]. Rapport No 27. Bosbouwproefstation, Buitenzorg. 29 pp.
Heyne, K., 1927. De nuttige planten van Nederlands-Indië [The useful plants of the Dutch East Indies]. 2nd edition, 3 volumes. Departement van Landbouw, Nijverheid en Handel in Nederlandsch-Indië, 's-Gravenhage. 1953 pp.
Jacobs, M., 1961. The generic identity of Melia excelsa jack. Gardens' Bulletin, Singapore 18: 71-75.
Kijkar, S., 1992. Handbook planting stock production of Azadirachta spp. at the ASEAN-Canada Forest Tree Seed Centre. ASEAN-Canada Forest Tree Seed Centre Project, Muak-Lek, Saraburi, Thailand. 20 pp.
Malaysian Timber Industry Board, 1986. 100 Malaysian timbers. Kuala Lumpur. x + 226 pp.
Merrill, E.D., 1909. New or noteworthy Philippine plants VII. Philippine Journal of Science, Section C. Botany 4: 247-330.
Merrill,E.D., 1952. William Jack's genera and species of Malesian plants. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 33(3): 199-251.
Reyes, L.J., 1938. Philippine woods. Technical Bulletin No 7. Commonwealth of the Philppines, Department of Agriculture and Commerce. Bureau of Printing, Manila. 536 pp. + 88 plates.
Whitmore, T.C. & Ng, F.S.P. (Editors), 1972-1989. Tree flora of Malaya. A manual for foresters. 2nd edition. 4 volumes. Malayan Forest Records No 26. Longman Malaysia SDN. Berhad, Kuala Lumpur & Petaling Jaya.
Wong, T.M., 1982. A dictionary of Malaysian timbers. Malayan Forest Records No 30. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong. 259 pp.

B. Sunarno

Sunarno, B., 1995. Azadirachta excelsa (Jack) Jacobs. In: Lemmens, R.H.M.J., Soerianegara, I. and Wong, W.C. (Editors): Plant Resources of South-East Asia No 5(2):Timber trees; Minor commercial timbers. PROSEA Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. Database record: prota4u.org/prosea