3332

5(1): Timber trees; Major commercial timbers

Agathis borneensis Warb.

This article should be read together with the article on the genus: Agathis in the Handbook volume indicated above in this database.

Monsunia 1: 184, t. 80 (1900).

Agathis beccarii Warb. (1900), Agathis alba Foxw. (1909), Agathis latifolia Meijer Drees (1940).

Brunei: bindang. Indonesia: bembueng (south-eastern Kalimantan), damar pilau (Dayak, Kalimantan), hedje (Sumatra). Malaysia: damar minyak (general), bindang (Sarawak), tambunan (Sabah).

Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra and Borneo.

Agathis borneensis is an important source of kauri timber. A good-quality resin can be tapped from the trees. It is planted as a plantation tree and in enrichment planting.

A very large tree of up to 55 m tall; adult leaves ovate, 6-12 cm 2-3.5 cm, with a more or less acute apex, resin canals paired; mature pollen cones oblong, 4-7 cm 2-2.5 cm, subtended by a 2-10 mm long peduncle, microsporophylls with a spoon-shaped, slightly acute apical part of 5.5-6.5 mm 4-5 mm, the apex a broad semicircle; mature seed cones oval, 6-8.5 cm 5.5-6.5 cm, seed bracts roughly obtriangular with rounded upper edges and a strongly hooked projection on one side only; seed blunt on one upper corner and with a wing on the other. Agathis borneensis occurs scattered in upland rain forest up to 1200 m altitude in Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra, but is often found in pure stands on sandy peat soil at low elevation in Borneo. The density of the wood is 380-550 kg/m³ at 15% moisture content. See also the table on wood properties.

[92]Brummitt, R.K., 1987. Report of the Committee for Spermatophyta: 33. Taxon 36: 734–739.
[100]Burgess, P.F., 1966. Timbers of Sabah. Sabah Forest Records No 6. Forest Department, Sabah, Sandakan. xviii + 501 pp.
[102]Burkill, I.H., 1966. A dictionary of the economic products of the Malay Peninsula. 2nd edition. Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operatives, Kuala Lumpur. Vol. 1 (A–H) pp. 1–1240. Vol. 2 (I–Z) pp. 1241–2444.
[146]Cockburn, P.F., 1976–1980. Trees of Sabah. 2 volumes. Sabah Forest Records No 10. Forest Department Sabah, Kuching.
[163]Dallimore, W. & Jackson, A.B., 1966. A handbook of Coniferae and Ginkgoaceae. 4th edition. Revised by S.G. Harisson. Edward Arnold Ltd., London. xix + 729 pp.
[181]de Laubenfels, D.J., 1979. The species of Agathis (Araucariaceae) of Borneo. Blumea 25: 531–541.
[369]Kochummen, K.M., 1980. The occurrence of Agathis borneensis Warburg (damar minyak) in heath forest in Peninsular Malaysia. Malaysian Forester 43: 119–123.
[406]Laurent, D., 1986. Kalimantan ramin and agathis, where do you come from and how are you harvested? Revue Bois et Forêts des Tropiques 211: 75–88.
[415]Lee, Y.H., 1967. Timber tests – damar minyak (Agathis alba). Malayan Forester 30: 140–144.
[453]Manuputty, D.N., 1955. Keluarga Agathis di Indonesia [The genus Agathis in Indonesia]. Rimba Indonesia 4: 132–188.
[461]Martawijaya, A. et al., 1986. Indonesian wood atlas. Vol. 1. Forestry Products and Development Centre, Bogor. 166 pp.
[478]Meijer-Drees, E., 1940. The genus Agathis in Malaysia. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique, Buitenzorg, ser. 3, 16: 455–474.
[495]Momose, Y., 1978. Vegetative propagation of Malaysian trees. Malaysian Forester 41: 219–223.
[542]Perum Perhutani, 1974. Manual for Agathis loranthifolia plantation. Jakarta.
[551]PPHI, 1958. Hutan Industri [Industrial Forests]. Djawatan Kehutanan, Bogor.
[554]Prawira, S.A., 1970. Pengenalan djenis-djenis pohon ekspor [Introduction to export timber tree species], serie KE: III. Laporan No 116. Lembaga Penelitian Hutan, Bogor. 28 pp.
[647]Stein, N., 1978. Coniferen im westlichen Malayischen Archipel [Conifers in the western Malayan archipelago]. Biogeographica vol. 11. Dr. W. Junk B.V., The Hague, Boston, London. xi+ 168 pp.
[748]van Steenis, C.G.G.J. & de Wilde, W.J.J.O. (Editors), 1950–. Flora Malesiana. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, London.
[749]Veldkamp, J.F. & de Laubenfels, D.J., 1984. Proposal to reject Pinus dammara (Araucariaceae). Taxon 33: 337–347.
[762]Wardi & Soewarsono, P.H., 1963. Preliminary study on the physical and mechanical properties of Indonesian woods. Laporan No 5. Lembaga Penelitian Hasil Hutan, Bogor.
[774]Whitmore, T.C., 1980. A monograph of Agathis. Plant Systematics and Evolution 135: 41–69.
[775]Whitmore, T.C., 1980. Utilization, potential and conservation of Agathis, a genus of tropical Asian conifers. Economic Botany 34: 1–12.
[776]Whitmore, T.C., 1984. Tropical rain forests of the Far East. 2nd edition. Clarendon Press, Oxford. xvi + 352 pp.
[778]Whitmore, T.C. & Bowen, M.R., 1983. Growth analyses of some Agathis species. Malaysian Forester 46: 186–196.
[779]Whitmore, T.C. & Ng, F.S.P. (Editors), 1972–1989. Tree flora of Malaya. A manual for foresters. 4 Volumes. 2nd ed. Malayan Forest Records No 26. Longman Malaysia SDN Berhad, Kuala Lumpur.
[780]Whitmore, T.C. & Page, C.N., 1980. Evolutionary implications of the distribution and ecology of the tropical conifer Agathis. New Phytologist 84: 407–416.
[791]Wong, T.M., 1981. Malaysian timbers – damar minyak. Malaysian Forest Service Trade Leaflet No 43. Malaysian Timber Industry Board, Kuala Lumpur. 5 pp.

C.C.H. Jongkind

Jongkind, C.C.H., 1993. Agathis borneensis Warb.. In: Soerianegara, I. and Lemmens, R.H.M.J. (Editors): Plant Resources of South-East Asia No 5(1): Timber trees; Major commercial timbers. PROSEA Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. Database record: prota4u.org/prosea