3360

5(1): Timber trees; Major commercial timbers

Araucaria cunninghamii Aiton ex D. Don

This article should be read together with the article on the genus: Araucaria in the Handbook volume indicated above in this database.

Lambert, Pinus ed. 2, 3: t. 79 (1837).

Araucaria beccarii Warb. (1900).

Hoop pine, colonial pine, Richmond river pine (En). Indonesia: alloa, ningwik, pien (Irian Jaya).

Coastal regions of New South Wales and south-eastern Queensland to Papua New Guinea and Irian Jaya. Large-scale plantations have been established in South Africa, Papua New Guinea and Australia.

The timber is used for various purposes. The tree is cultivated as an ornamental. The seeds are edible.

A very large, symmetrical tree up to 60(-70) m tall, bole straight, cylindrical and self-pruning up to 40 m high and up to 200 cm in diameter, leaf-bearing twigs all along the length of the branches; leaves lanceolate to triangular, curved with the pointed apices directed slightly inwards, green or glaucous, juvenile leaves acicular; pollen cones up to 8 cm long, mature seed cone terminal, 6-10 cm 5-8 cm, with spiny, winged cone scales; seed triangular, 20-30 mm 9-10 mm excluding the membraneous wings. Two varieties are distinguished: var. papuana Lauterb. occurring in New Guinea, var. cunninghamii in Australia. Araucaria cunninghamii occurs most often in submontane Fagaceae forest on leached soils up to 2750(-4000) m altitude. The density of the wood is about 530 kg/m³ at 12% moisture content. See also the table on wood properties.

[66]Bolza, E. & Kloot, N.H., 1963. The mechanical properties of 174 Australian timbers. Technological Paper No 25. Division of Forest Products, CSIRO, Melbourne. 112 pp.
[105]Burrows, G.E. et al., 1988. In vitro propagation of Araucaria cunninghamii and other species of the Auraucariaceae via axillary meristems. Australian Journal of Botany 36: 665–676.
[111]Cameron, M.A., 1958. The flowering and fruiting of hoop pine (Araucaria cunninghamii). Queensland Naturalist 16: 23–26.
[161]Dainty, A.L., 1983. Chromosome numbers and karyotype variation in Araucaria. Kew Bulletin 37: 511–514.
[163]Dallimore, W. & Jackson, A.B., 1966. A handbook of Coniferae and Ginkgoaceae. 4th edition. Revised by S.G. Harisson. Edward Arnold Ltd., London. xix + 729 pp.
[205]Enright, N.J., 1978. The effects of logging on the regeneration and nutrient budget of Araucaria cunninghamii dominated tropical rainforest in Papua New Guinea. Malaysian Forester 41: 303–318.
[208]Enright, N.J., 1982. The ecology of Araucaria species in New Guinea I. Ordination studies of forest types and environments. Australian Journal of Ecology 7: 23–38.
[209]Enright, N.J., 1982. The ecology of Araucaria species in New Guinea II. Pattern in the distribution of young and mature individuals and light requirements of seedlings. Australian Journal of Ecology 7: 39–48.
[210]Enright, N.J., 1982. The ecology of Araucaria species in New Guinea III. Population dynamics of sample stands. Australian Journal of Ecology 7: 227–237.
[285]Gray, B., 1973. Distribution of Araucaria in Papua New Guinea. Research Bulletin No 1. Department of Forests, Lae. 56 pp.
[286]Gray, B., 1975. Size composition and regeneration of Araucaria stands in New Guinea. Journal of Ecology 63: 273–289.
[287]Gray, B., 1976. Infestation, susceptibility and damage of Araucaria plantations in Papua New Guinea by Hylurdrectonus araucariae Schedl (Coleoptera, Scolytidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 66: 695–711.
[301]Griffiths, D.A., 1966. 'Die back' of Araucaria cunninghamii caused by Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat. in Malaya. Malayan Forester 29: 154–162.
[326]Hong, L.T., 1974. Germination and seedling survival of Araucaria with Demosan (chloroneb: 1, 4-dichloro-2, 5-dimethoxy benzene) treatment. Malaysian Forester 37: 54–60.
[359]Keating, W.G. & Bolza, E., 1982. Characteristics, properties and uses of timbers. Vol. 1. South-East Asia, Northern Australia and the Pacific. Inkata Press Proprietary Ltd., Melbourne, Sydney & London. 362 pp.
[362]Kingston, R.S.T. & Risdon, C.J.E., 1961. Shrinkage and density of Australian and other South-West Pacific woods. Technological Paper No 13. Division of Forest Products, CSIRO, Melbourne. 65 pp.
[530]Page, C.N., 1990. Araucariaceae. In: Kramer, K.U. & Green, P.S. (Editors): The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol. 1. Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. Springer Verlag, Berlin. pp. 294–299.
[577]Reilly, J.J., 1974. Geographic variations of hoop pine. Research Paper No 4. Department of Forestry, Queensland. 34 pp.
[652]Streimann, H., 1974. Klinki pine, Araucaria hunsteinii (A. Klinkii), Araucariaceae. Timber Species Leaflet No 3. 4 pp.
[688]Tho, Y.P., 1975. The termite problem in plantation forestry in Peninsular Malaysia. Malaysian Forester 37: 278–283.
[705]Tompsett, P.B., 1984. Desiccation studies in relation to the storage of Araucaria seed. Annals of Applied Biology 105: 581–586.
[748]van Steenis, C.G.G.J. & de Wilde, W.J.J.O. (Editors), 1950–. Flora Malesiana. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, London.
[765]White, K.J., 1960. Araucaria spp., caractères sylvicoles et methodes de plantations [Araucaria spp., silvicultural characters and plantation methods]. Bois et Forêts des Tropiques 72: 23–30.
[776]Whitmore, T.C., 1984. Tropical rain forests of the Far East. 2nd edition. Clarendon Press, Oxford. xvi + 352 pp.
[808]Wylie, F.R. & Shanahan, P.J., 1976. Insect attack in fire-damaged plantation trees at Bulolo in Papua New Guinea. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 14: 371–382.

F. Arentz

Arentz, F., 1993. Araucaria cunninghamii Aiton ex D. Don. In: Soerianegara, I. and Lemmens, R.H.M.J. (Editors): Plant Resources of South-East Asia No 5(1): Timber trees; Major commercial timbers. PROSEA Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. Database record: prota4u.org/prosea