3469

5(1): Timber trees; Major commercial timbers

Dipterocarpus grandiflorus (Blanco) Blanco

This article should be read together with the article on the genus: Dipterocarpus in the Handbook volume indicated above in this database.

Fl. Filip. ed. 2: 314 (1845).

Dipterocarpus griffithii Miq. (1864), Dipterocarpus pterygocalyx R. Scheffer (1870).

Indonesia: aput (South Kalimantan), tempudau tunden (East Kalimantan), lagan bras (Sumatra). Malaysia: keruing belimbing (Peninsular, Sabah), keruing pekat (Peninsular). Philippines: apitong (general), dauen (Ibanag), hapitong (Tagalog). Burma: kanyin-byan. Thailand: yang-yung (general), yang-tang, yung-krabueang (peninsular). Vietnam: d[aaf]u d[oj]t t[is]m.

The Andaman Islands, Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo and the Philippines.

D. grandiflorus is an important source of keruing. The wood is used as pulp in the production of paper. Large quantities of oleo-resin (called 'balau' or 'minyak keruing') can be obtained from the wood. A tannin-formaldehyde adhesive can be produced from bark extracts.

A medium-sized to large tree of up to 43 m tall, bole straight, cylindrical, branchless for up to 30 m, up to 135 cm in diameter, buttresses absent or few, up to 1.5 m high and 1 m long, blunt, bark surface slightly fissured, grey or light yellowish, sapwood not sharply contrasted from the reddish-brown heartwood; buds ovoid, pale buff pubescent; leaves ovate, 10-18 cm 5-12 cm, base obtuse or subcordate, acumen up to 1 cm long, secondary veins 15-17 pairs, glabrous, petiole 3-9 cm long, stipules oblong-lanceolate, subacute, outside densely buff pubescent; stamens 30; fruit calyx tube ellipsoid, glabrous, with 5 prominent wings continuous from base to apex, 2 larger fruit calyx lobes up to 22 cm 3 cm, 3 shorter ones up to 2 cm 1.5 cm. Dipterocarpus grandiflorus is common and sometimes semi-gregarious on clay-rich soils and grows in primary semi-evergreen or evergreen forest up to 600 m altitude. The density of the wood is 650-945 kg/m³ at 15% moisture content. See also the table on wood properties. A natural hybrid between Dipterocarpus grandiflorus and Dipterocarpus baudii has been observed in Burma.

[102]Burkill, I.H., 1966. A dictionary of the economic products of the Malay Peninsula. 2nd edition. Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operatives, Kuala Lumpur. Vol. 1 (A–H) pp. 1–1240. Vol. 2 (I–Z) pp. 1241–2444.
[140]Choo, K.T. & Sim, H.C., 1981. Malaysian timbers – keruing. Malaysian Forest Service Trade Leaflet No 48. Malaysian Timber Industry Board, Kuala Lumpur. 18 pp.
[162]Daljeet-Singh, K., 1974. Seed pests of some dipterocarps. Malaysian Forester 37: 24–36.
[175]de Guzman, E, R. M. Umali, & E.D. Sotalbo, 1986. Guide to Philippine flora and fauna. Vol. 3: dipterocarps, non-dipterocarps. Natural Resources Management Center, Ministry of Natural Resources & University of the Philippines, Manila. xx + 414 pp.
[235]Flore du Cambodge du Laos et du Viêtnam (various editors), 1960–. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris.
[253]Foxworthy, F.W., 1932. Dipterocarpaceae of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Forest Records No 10. Printers Limited, Singapore. 289 pp.
[258]Fundter, J.M., 1982. Names for dipterocarp timbers and trees from Asia. Pudoc, Wageningen. 251 pp.
[297]Grewal, G.S., 1979. Air-seasoning properties of some Malaysian timbers. Malaysian Forest Service Trade Leaflet No 41. Malaysian Timber Industry Board, Kuala Lumpur. 26 pp.
[417]Lee, Y.H., Engku Abdul Rahman & Chu, Y.P., 1979. The strength properties of some Malaysian timbers. Revised edition. Malaysian Forest Service Trade Leaflet No 34. Malaysian Timber Industry Board, Kuala Lumpur. 107 pp.
[449]Manas, A.E., 1975. Tannin-formaldehyde adhesive from some Philippine bark extracts. Forpride Digest 4: 53–54.
[461]Martawijaya, A. et al., 1986. Indonesian wood atlas. Vol. 1. Forestry Products and Development Centre, Bogor. 166 pp.
[466]Masano, A.H. & Hamzah, Z., 1987. Planting trials of dipterocarp species outside their natural distributional range in Haurbentes experimental forest, West Java. In: Kostermans, A.J.G.H. (Editor): Proceedings of the Third Round Table Conference on Dipterocarps. UNESCO, Jakarta. pp. 19–37.
[476]Meijer, W. & Wood, G.H.S., 1964. Dipterocarps of Sabah (North Borneo). Sabah Forest Records No 5. Forest Department, Sandakan. 344 pp.
[497]Monsalud, M.R. & Tamolang, F.N., 1969. General information on Philippine hardwoods. Philippine Lumberman 15(7): 14–38.
[501]Nakano, T. & Kaburagi, J., 1969. Density and shrinkage of keruing woods grown in Malaya. In: The properties of tropical woods 13: studies on the utilization of the keruing woods grown in Malaya. Bulletin of the Bulletin of the Government Experiment Station 221.
[514]Ng, F.S.P. & Tang, H.T., 1974. Comparative growth rates of Malaysian trees. Malaysian Forester 37: 2–23.
[565]Quiniones, S.S., 1980. Notes on the diseases of forest trees in the Philippines. Sylvatrop 5: 263–271.
[579]Reyes, L.J., 1938. Philippine woods. Technical Bulletin No 7. Commonwealth of the Philippines, Department of Agriculture and Commerce. Bureau of Printing, Manila. 536 pp. + 88 plates.
[607]See, L.S. & Ahmad, A.M., 1982. Cylindrocladium scoparium, new record, a new pathogen of some forest tree species in Peninsular Malaysia. Pertanika 5: 72–75.
[628]Smitinand, T., Santisuk, T. & Phengklai, C., 1980. The manual of Dipterocarpaceae of mainland South-East Asia. Thai Forestry Bulletin 12: 1–110.
[632]Smits, W.T.M. & Struycken, B., 1983. Some preliminary results of experiments with in-vitro culture of dipterocarps. Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 31: 233–238.
[677]Symington, C.F., 1941. Foresters' manual of dipterocarps. Malayan Forest Records No 16. Forest Department, Kuala Lumpur. pp. xliii + 244.
[737]van Slooten, D.F., 1927. The Dipterocarpaceae of the Dutch East Indies. II. The genus Dipterocarpus. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique, Buitenzorg, Sér. 3, 8: 263–352.
[748]van Steenis, C.G.G.J. & de Wilde, W.J.J.O. (Editors), 1950–. Flora Malesiana. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, London.
[815]Zabala, N.Q., 1986. Vegetative propagation of some dipterocarp species. Philippine Lumberman 32(7): 13–16.

L.E. Groen

Groen, L.E., 1993. Dipterocarpus grandiflorus (Blanco) Blanco. In: Soerianegara, I. and Lemmens, R.H.M.J. (Editors): Plant Resources of South-East Asia No 5(1): Timber trees; Major commercial timbers. PROSEA Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. Database record: prota4u.org/prosea