4019

5(2): Timber trees; Minor commercial timbers

Canarium hirsutum Willd.

This article should be read together with the article on the genus: Canarium in the Handbook volume indicated above in this database.

Sp. pl. 4(2): 760 (1806).

Canarium hispidum Blume (1823), Canarium multipinnatum Llanos (1851), Canarium subcordatum Ridley (1920).

Indonesia: ki bonteng (West Java), kanari jaki (northern Sulawesi), mede-mede (Moluccas). Malaysia: kedondong (general), damar degun (Peninsular), kambayau burong (Sabah). Philippines: dulit (general), bakayan (Panay Bisaya), hagushus (Bikol).

Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, the Philippines, Sulawesi, the Moluccas, New Guinea, the Caroline Islands (Palau) and the Solomon Islands.

Canarium hirsutum is an important source of kedondong. The resin is probably used for torches and as a glue. A decoction of the roots has locally been used medicinally against stomach pains.

A medium-sized, sometimes large tree up to 32(—48) m tall, bole straight, branchless for up to 24(—36.5) m, up to 60(—200) cm in diameter, buttresses usually absent or very small, bark surface greyish-brown to dark brown; stipules absent or present, inserted at the base of the petiole, narrow; leaves with 9—27 leaflets, rachis thick with sharp edges, leaflets gradually to rather abruptly short-acuminate at apex, margin entire, variably pubescent to glabrous, with 12—30 pairs of secondary veins; inflorescence axillary, male one paniculate, female one subracemose; flowers 10—13 mm long, stamens 6; fruit ovoid, circular in cross-section, 20—63 mm 17—45 mm, usually with irritating reddish-brown hairs. The species is highly polymorphic and 2 subspecies each with 2 varieties have been distinguished. Subsp. hirsutum with the varieties hirsutum and beccarii Leenh. occurs throughout the range of the species except for New Guinea. Subsp. multicostulatum Leenh. with the varieties multicostulatum and leewenii Leenh. is found in the Moluccas, New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. Canarium hirsutum is locally rather common in primary and secondary forest in wet to well-drained locations, usually at low elevations, rarely up to 1800 m altitude. The density of the wood is 360—780 kg/m³ at 15% moisture content.

[9]Ahmad Shakri Mat Seman, 1983. Malaysian timbers – kedondong. Malaysian Forest Service Trade Leaflet No 73. Malaysian Timber Industry Board, Kuala Lumpur. 9 pp.
[77]Burgess, P.F., 1966. Timbers of Sabah. Sabah Forest Records No 6. Forest Department, Sabah, Sandakan. xviii + 501 pp.
[78]Burkill, I.H., 1966. A dictionary of the economic products of the Malay Peninsula. 2nd edition. Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operatives, Kuala Lumpur. Vol. 1 (A–H) pp. 1–1240. Vol. 2 (I–Z) pp. 1241–2444.
[99]Cockburn, P.F., 1976–1980. Trees of Sabah. 2 volumes. Sabah Forest Records No 10. Forest Department Sabah, Sandakan.
[125]de Guzman, E., Umali, R.M. & Sotalbo, E.D., 1986. Guide to the Philippine flora and fauna. Vol. 3: Dipterocarps, non-dipterocarps. Natural Resources Management Centre, Ministry of Natural Resources & University of the Philippines, Quezon City and Los Baños. xx + 414 pp.
[162]Flora Malesiana (various editors), 1950–. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, London.
[342]Lam, H.J., 1932. The Burseraceae of the Malay Archipelago and Peninsula, with annotations concerning extra-Malayan species, especially of Dacryodes, Santiria and Canarium. Contributions a l'Ttude de la flore des Indes NTerlandaises XXII. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, STrie III, 12: 281–561.
[366]Leenhouts, P.W., 1959. Revision of the Burseraceae of the Malaysian area in a wider sense Xa. Canarium Stickm. Blumea 9: 275–647.
[705]Whitmore, T.C. & Ng, F.S.P. (Editors), 1972–1989. Tree flora of Malaya. A manual for foresters. 2nd edition. 4 volumes. Malayan Forest Records No 26. Longman Malaysia SDN. Berhad, Kuala Lumpur & Petaling Jaya.

K.M. Kochummen

Kochummen, K.M., 1995. Canarium hirsutum Willd.. In: Lemmens, R.H.M.J., Soerianegara, I. and Wong, W.C. (Editors): Plant Resources of South-East Asia No 5(2): Timber trees; Minor commercial timbers. PROSEA Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. Database record: prota4u.org/prosea