Record Number
4230
PROSEA Handbook Number
5(2): Timber trees; Minor commercial timbers
Taxon
Durio zibethinus Murray
This article should be read together with the article on the genus: Durio in the Handbook volume indicated above in this database.
This article should be read together with the article on the genus: Durio in the Handbook volume indicated above in this database.
Protologue
Syst. Nat. Veg. ed. 13: 581 (1774).
Synonyms
Durio acuminatissima Merr. (1926).
Vernacular Names
Durian (general). Indonesia: duren, ambetan (Javanese, Java), kadu (Sundanese, Java). Malaysia: durian kampong (general), durian puteh (Sabah). Philippines: dulian (Sulu). Burma (Myanmar): du-yin. Cambodia: thu-réén. Laos: thourièn. Thailand: thurian (general), rian (peninsular). Vietnam: s[aaf]u ri[ee]ng.
Distribution
Trees which are probably wild are found in Sumatra and Borneo. Durio zibethinus is cultivated for its fruits in the area ranging from Sri Lanka and southern India to New Guinea.
Uses
The timber is used for interior construction, cheaper types of furniture and packing cases. The tree is, however, much more appreciated for the aril around the seed, which is eaten fresh or used for flavouring ice-cream, drinks and cakes. The boiled or roasted seeds are eaten as a snack, whereas young shoots and unripe fruits may be cooked as a vegetable. The rind of the fruit is used as fuel. Several parts of the tree are used medicinally.
Observations
A medium-sized to fairly large tree up to 40 m tall, with straight cylindrical bole up to 100 cm in diameter having prominent steep buttresses, bark surface peeling off in small flakes, dark reddish-brown; leaves elliptical or lanceolate-elliptical, 10—25 cm 3—9 cm, densely silvery or golden scaly below; flowers in corymbs fascicled on older branches, petals c. 60 mm long, white or yellowish-white, stamens in 5 free bundles; fruit globose, ovoid or ellipsoid, up to 25 cm long, outside green to yellow or brownish with sharp broadly pyramidal spines. The heartwood is dark red; the density is 420—690 kg/m3 at 15% moisture content. See also the table on wood properties.
Selected Sources
[2]Abdurachman, A.J. & Gadas, S.R., 1979. Sifat pemesinan kayu-kayu Indonesia [Machining properties of Indonesian timbers]. Laporan No 137. Lembaga Penelitian Hasil Hutan, Bogor. 10 pp.
[12]All Nippon Checkers Corporation, 1989. Illustrated commercial foreign woods in Japan. Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo. 262 pp.
[26]Ashton, P.S., 1988. Manual of the non-dipterocarp trees of Sarawak. Vol. 2. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kuala Lumpur. 490 pp.
[77]Burgess, P.F., 1966. Timbers of Sabah. Sabah Forest Records No 6. Forest Department, Sabah, Sandakan. xviii + 501 pp.
[78]Burkill, I.H., 1966. A dictionary of the economic products of the Malay Peninsula. 2nd edition. Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operatives, Kuala Lumpur. Vol. 1 (A–H) pp. 1–1240. Vol. 2 (I–Z) pp. 1241–2444.
[99]Cockburn, P.F., 1976–1980. Trees of Sabah. 2 volumes. Sabah Forest Records No 10. Forest Department Sabah, Sandakan.
[104]Corner, E.J.H., 1988. Wayside trees of Malaya. 3rd edition. 2 volumes. The Malayan Nature Society, Kuala Lumpur. 774 pp.
[125]de Guzman, E., Umali, R.M. & Sotalbo, E.D., 1986. Guide to the Philippine flora and fauna. Vol. 3: Dipterocarps, non-dipterocarps. Natural Resources Management Centre, Ministry of Natural Resources & University of the Philippines, Quezon City and Los Baños. xx + 414 pp.
[140]Desch, H.E., 1941–1954. Manual of Malayan timbers. Malayan Forest Records No 15. 2 volumes. Malaya Publishing House Ltd., Singapore. 762 pp.
[216]HallT, F., Oldeman, R.A.A. & Tomlinson, P.B., 1978. Tropical trees and forests – an architectural analysis. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 441 pp.
[217]Hardial Singh & Rao, A.N., 1963. Seed germination and seedling morphology in Durio zibethinus. Malayan Forester 26(2): 98–103.
[234]Heyne, K., 1927. De nuttige planten van Nederlands-Indid [The useful plants of the Dutch East Indies]. 2nd edition, 3 volumes. Departement van Landbouw, Nijverheid en Handel in Nederlandsch-Indid, 's-Gravenhage. 1953 pp.
[312]Kostermans, A.J.G.H., 1958. The genus Durio Adans. (Bombac.). Reinwardtia 4: 47–150.
[403]Martawijaya, A. et al., 1986. Indonesian wood atlas. Vol. 1. Forest Products Research and Development Centre, Bogor. 166 pp.
[458]Ng, F.S.P., 1978. Strategies of establishment in Malayan forest trees. In: Tomlinson, P.B. & Zimmermann, M.H. (Editors): Tropical trees as living systems. The proceedings of the fourth Cabot symposium held at Harvard Forest, Petersham, Massachusetts on April 26–30, 1976. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, London, New York, Melbourne. pp. 129–162.
[463]Ng, F.S.P., 1991. Manual of forest fruits, seeds and seedlings. Vol. 1. Malayan Forest Record No 34. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong. 400 pp.
[465]Ng, F.S.P. & Mat Asri Ngah Sanah, 1991. Germination and seedling records. Research Pamphlet No 108. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong. 191 pp.
[526]Research Institute of Wood Industry, 1988. Identification, properties and uses of some Southeast Asian woods. Chinese Academy of Forestry, Wan Shou Shan, Beijing & International Tropical Timber Organization, Yokohama. 201 pp.
[596]Start, A.N. & Marshall, A.G., 1976. Nectarivorous bats as pollinators of trees in West Malaysia. In: Burley, J. & Styles, B.T. (Editors): Tropical trees. Variation, breeding and conservation. Linnean Society Symposium Series No 2. Academic
[621]Syachri, T.N., 1984. Analisis kimia beberapa jenis kayu Indonesia. Bagian IV [Chemical analysis of several Indonesian wood species. Part IV]. Laporan No 170. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan, Bogor. pp. 29–32.
[673]Verheij, E.W.M. & Coronel, R.E. (Editors), 1991. Plant resources of South-East Asia No 2. Edible fruits and nuts. Pudoc, Wageningen. 446 pp.
[703]Whitmore, T.C., 1984. Tropical rainforest of the Far East. 2nd edition. Clarendon Press, Oxford. xvi + 352 pp.
[704]Whitmore, T.C., 1990. An introduction to tropical rain forests. Clarendon Press, Oxford. 226 pp.
[705]Whitmore, T.C. & Ng, F.S.P. (Editors), 1972–1989. Tree flora of Malaya. A manual for foresters. 2nd edition. 4 volumes. Malayan Forest Records No 26. Longman Malaysia SDN. Berhad, Kuala Lumpur & Petaling Jaya.
[724]Wong, W.C. & Lim, S.C., 1990. Malaysian timbers – durian. Timber Trade Leaflet No 113. Malaysian Timber Industry Board, Kuala Lumpur and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong. 12 pp.
[12]All Nippon Checkers Corporation, 1989. Illustrated commercial foreign woods in Japan. Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo. 262 pp.
[26]Ashton, P.S., 1988. Manual of the non-dipterocarp trees of Sarawak. Vol. 2. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kuala Lumpur. 490 pp.
[77]Burgess, P.F., 1966. Timbers of Sabah. Sabah Forest Records No 6. Forest Department, Sabah, Sandakan. xviii + 501 pp.
[78]Burkill, I.H., 1966. A dictionary of the economic products of the Malay Peninsula. 2nd edition. Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operatives, Kuala Lumpur. Vol. 1 (A–H) pp. 1–1240. Vol. 2 (I–Z) pp. 1241–2444.
[99]Cockburn, P.F., 1976–1980. Trees of Sabah. 2 volumes. Sabah Forest Records No 10. Forest Department Sabah, Sandakan.
[104]Corner, E.J.H., 1988. Wayside trees of Malaya. 3rd edition. 2 volumes. The Malayan Nature Society, Kuala Lumpur. 774 pp.
[125]de Guzman, E., Umali, R.M. & Sotalbo, E.D., 1986. Guide to the Philippine flora and fauna. Vol. 3: Dipterocarps, non-dipterocarps. Natural Resources Management Centre, Ministry of Natural Resources & University of the Philippines, Quezon City and Los Baños. xx + 414 pp.
[140]Desch, H.E., 1941–1954. Manual of Malayan timbers. Malayan Forest Records No 15. 2 volumes. Malaya Publishing House Ltd., Singapore. 762 pp.
[216]HallT, F., Oldeman, R.A.A. & Tomlinson, P.B., 1978. Tropical trees and forests – an architectural analysis. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 441 pp.
[217]Hardial Singh & Rao, A.N., 1963. Seed germination and seedling morphology in Durio zibethinus. Malayan Forester 26(2): 98–103.
[234]Heyne, K., 1927. De nuttige planten van Nederlands-Indid [The useful plants of the Dutch East Indies]. 2nd edition, 3 volumes. Departement van Landbouw, Nijverheid en Handel in Nederlandsch-Indid, 's-Gravenhage. 1953 pp.
[312]Kostermans, A.J.G.H., 1958. The genus Durio Adans. (Bombac.). Reinwardtia 4: 47–150.
[403]Martawijaya, A. et al., 1986. Indonesian wood atlas. Vol. 1. Forest Products Research and Development Centre, Bogor. 166 pp.
[458]Ng, F.S.P., 1978. Strategies of establishment in Malayan forest trees. In: Tomlinson, P.B. & Zimmermann, M.H. (Editors): Tropical trees as living systems. The proceedings of the fourth Cabot symposium held at Harvard Forest, Petersham, Massachusetts on April 26–30, 1976. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, London, New York, Melbourne. pp. 129–162.
[463]Ng, F.S.P., 1991. Manual of forest fruits, seeds and seedlings. Vol. 1. Malayan Forest Record No 34. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong. 400 pp.
[465]Ng, F.S.P. & Mat Asri Ngah Sanah, 1991. Germination and seedling records. Research Pamphlet No 108. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong. 191 pp.
[526]Research Institute of Wood Industry, 1988. Identification, properties and uses of some Southeast Asian woods. Chinese Academy of Forestry, Wan Shou Shan, Beijing & International Tropical Timber Organization, Yokohama. 201 pp.
[596]Start, A.N. & Marshall, A.G., 1976. Nectarivorous bats as pollinators of trees in West Malaysia. In: Burley, J. & Styles, B.T. (Editors): Tropical trees. Variation, breeding and conservation. Linnean Society Symposium Series No 2. Academic
[621]Syachri, T.N., 1984. Analisis kimia beberapa jenis kayu Indonesia. Bagian IV [Chemical analysis of several Indonesian wood species. Part IV]. Laporan No 170. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Hasil Hutan, Bogor. pp. 29–32.
[673]Verheij, E.W.M. & Coronel, R.E. (Editors), 1991. Plant resources of South-East Asia No 2. Edible fruits and nuts. Pudoc, Wageningen. 446 pp.
[703]Whitmore, T.C., 1984. Tropical rainforest of the Far East. 2nd edition. Clarendon Press, Oxford. xvi + 352 pp.
[704]Whitmore, T.C., 1990. An introduction to tropical rain forests. Clarendon Press, Oxford. 226 pp.
[705]Whitmore, T.C. & Ng, F.S.P. (Editors), 1972–1989. Tree flora of Malaya. A manual for foresters. 2nd edition. 4 volumes. Malayan Forest Records No 26. Longman Malaysia SDN. Berhad, Kuala Lumpur & Petaling Jaya.
[724]Wong, W.C. & Lim, S.C., 1990. Malaysian timbers – durian. Timber Trade Leaflet No 113. Malaysian Timber Industry Board, Kuala Lumpur and Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong. 12 pp.
Author(s)
S.K. Yap & R.H.M.J. Lemmens
Correct Citation of this Article
Yap, S.K. & Lemmens, R.H.M.J., 1995. Durio zibethinus Murray. In: Lemmens, R.H.M.J., Soerianegara, I. and Wong, W.C. (Editors): Plant Resources of South-East Asia No 5(2): Timber trees; Minor commercial timbers. PROSEA Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. Database record: prota4u.org/prosea
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