Record Number
4291
PROSEA Handbook Number
5(2): Timber trees; Minor commercial timbers
Taxon
Lithocarpus Blume
Protologue
Bijdr. fl. Ned. Ind.: 526 (1826).
Family
FAGACEAE
Chromosome Numbers
x = unknown; 2n = unknown
Trade Groups
Trade groups Mempening: medium-weight to heavy hardwood, e.g. Lithocarpus celebicus (Miq.) Rehder, Lithocarpus elegans (Blume) Hatus. ex Soepadmo, Lithocarpus sundaicus (Blume) Rehder.
Timber of Lithocarpus spp. is usually traded together with that of Quercus spp. In Papua New Guinea, the timber of Castanopsis is traded together with that of Lithocarpus.
Timber of Lithocarpus spp. is usually traded together with that of Quercus spp. In Papua New Guinea, the timber of Castanopsis is traded together with that of Lithocarpus.
Vernacular Names
Mempening: spike oak, sunda oak (En). Indonesia: pasang (general). Philippines: oak (general). Papua New Guinea: New Guinea oak. Thailand: ko, ko muu. Vietnam: s[ox]i.
Origin and Geographic Distribution
Lithocarpus consists of over 300 species and occurs from north-eastern India and Nepal to China, Taiwan and southern Japan, south to Indo-China and Thailand, and throughout the Malesian area except for eastern Java and the Lesser Sunda Islands, east towards the Louisiade Archipelago; a single species occurs in the western United States. Within the Malesian area a total of 104 species occur, the majority in the west: Peninsular Malaysia 38 species, Sumatra 29, Java 13, Borneo 50, Sulawesi 4, the Moluccas 1, the Philippines 19, and New Guinea 9.
Uses
Mempening is suitable for medium to heavy construction, but preservative treatment is a prerequisite for permanent structures. It is used for house and bridge construction (beams, columns, planks), railway sleepers, fence posts, tool handles, and rice pounders, and also for furniture, flooring and decorative interior finishing like panelling, ceiling and skirting and for the production of veneers. Wood of Lithocarpus spp. is suitable for the preparation of pulp and paper. It is a good firewood and is suitable for making charcoal.
The nuts of several species are eaten. The bark contains tannin and is occasionally used to tan leather and also to dye rattan and cotton brown. Several species are used as bed logs in shiitake mushroom (Lentinus edodes) cultivation.
The nuts of several species are eaten. The bark contains tannin and is occasionally used to tan leather and also to dye rattan and cotton brown. Several species are used as bed logs in shiitake mushroom (Lentinus edodes) cultivation.
Production and International Trade
In South-East Asia, Lithocarpus timber is traded together with that of Quercus. The latter probably constitutes only a minor part of the total amount. In 1987, the export of mempening round logs from Sabah was about 650 m3 with a value of US$ 45 000, but in 1992 the export had increased considerably to 12 750 m3 (17% as sawn timber and 83% as logs) with a total value of US$ 1.1 million (US$ 187/m3 for sawn timber, US$ 70/m3 for logs). The wood, however, is mostly consumed locally. Japan imports comparatively small amounts of mempening, mainly from Sabah and Sarawak. In Papua New Guinea, Lithocarpus timber is traded together with that of Castanopsis as Papua New Guinea oak. It commands high prices and the export of logs has been banned.
Properties
Wood of Lithocarpus is medium-weight to heavy and moderately hard to hard. The heartwood is greyish-brown to brown or brown-red to pinkish-brown, sometimes with a yellow tinge, the sapwood is brown or pale brown to straw-coloured. The density is (510—)600—1000(—1105) kg/m3 at 15% moisture content. The grain is straight to slightly wavy, sometimes interlocked, texture slightly coarse to coarse and uneven.
At 18% moisture content, the modulus of rupture of Lithocarpus sundaicus wood is 115 N/mm2, modulus of elasticity 19 400 N/mm2, compression parallel to grain 61.5 N/mm2, shear 13 N/mm2, cleavage 51 N/mm radial and 77 N/mm tangential, and Janka side hardness 7830 N.
The rates of shrinkage are high: for Lithocarpus sundaicus wood in Malaysia from green to 15% moisture content 1.9% radial and 4.2% tangential. The timber seasons fairly slowly and must be carefully stacked to avoid serious defects. It is particularly prone to splitting and fungal staining during seasoning. Kiln drying is fairly easy as long as slow schedules are used; some warping and splitting may occur.
Lithocarpus timber is easy to slightly difficult to saw into boards while green and slightly difficult when air dry. Cross cutting is easy when green and slightly difficult when air dry. Planing and boring are easy in both lengthwise sawn and cross-cut material but sharp edges are important. Turning is difficult and yields a rough finish. Pre-boring is advised in nailing as the timber is prone to splitting. The wood is resistant to abrasion. The timber takes a good varnish, paint and polish and requires little filling. A test on a single log of an unidentified Lithocarpus species from Malaysia showed that peeling poses no difficulty as long as the speed is above 30 revolutions per minute, but as the veneer was liable to tear and the glue-bond was poor, plywood production could not be recommended. Veneer from Lithocarpus sundaicus, however, can be glued with urea-formaldehyde and produces a plywood complying with the Japanese standard. Trials conducted with Lithocarpus ewyckii and Lithocarpus falconeri (Kurz) Rehder (a small tree of southern Burma (Myanmar), peninsular Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia) indicated that the wood is suitable for the preparation of pulp and paper.
Lithocarpus timber is rated as moderately durable; stake tests show an average service life in contact with the ground of 3.7 years under tropical conditions. The treatability of the sapwood with preservatives is rated as moderately resistant, heartwood is resistant to impregnation. Treatment of Lithocarpus sundaicus with Wolman salt gives an absorption of 80—160 kg/m3.
Lithocarpus wood contains 72.5—78% holocellulose, 47—56.5% 'ALFA'-cellulose, 20.5—27% lignin, 13.5—15% pentosan, 0.3—0.7% ash and c. 0.3% silica. The solubility is 0.6—2.4% in alcohol-benzene, c. 1.5% in cold water, 1.6—5.9% in hot water and 10.1—15.0% in a 1% NaOH solution. The energy value of Lithocarpus sundaicus wood is approximately 19 200 kJ/kg.
The air-dried bark of Lithocarpus sundaicus contains 15—22% tannin, rarely less.
At 18% moisture content, the modulus of rupture of Lithocarpus sundaicus wood is 115 N/mm2, modulus of elasticity 19 400 N/mm2, compression parallel to grain 61.5 N/mm2, shear 13 N/mm2, cleavage 51 N/mm radial and 77 N/mm tangential, and Janka side hardness 7830 N.
The rates of shrinkage are high: for Lithocarpus sundaicus wood in Malaysia from green to 15% moisture content 1.9% radial and 4.2% tangential. The timber seasons fairly slowly and must be carefully stacked to avoid serious defects. It is particularly prone to splitting and fungal staining during seasoning. Kiln drying is fairly easy as long as slow schedules are used; some warping and splitting may occur.
Lithocarpus timber is easy to slightly difficult to saw into boards while green and slightly difficult when air dry. Cross cutting is easy when green and slightly difficult when air dry. Planing and boring are easy in both lengthwise sawn and cross-cut material but sharp edges are important. Turning is difficult and yields a rough finish. Pre-boring is advised in nailing as the timber is prone to splitting. The wood is resistant to abrasion. The timber takes a good varnish, paint and polish and requires little filling. A test on a single log of an unidentified Lithocarpus species from Malaysia showed that peeling poses no difficulty as long as the speed is above 30 revolutions per minute, but as the veneer was liable to tear and the glue-bond was poor, plywood production could not be recommended. Veneer from Lithocarpus sundaicus, however, can be glued with urea-formaldehyde and produces a plywood complying with the Japanese standard. Trials conducted with Lithocarpus ewyckii and Lithocarpus falconeri (Kurz) Rehder (a small tree of southern Burma (Myanmar), peninsular Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia) indicated that the wood is suitable for the preparation of pulp and paper.
Lithocarpus timber is rated as moderately durable; stake tests show an average service life in contact with the ground of 3.7 years under tropical conditions. The treatability of the sapwood with preservatives is rated as moderately resistant, heartwood is resistant to impregnation. Treatment of Lithocarpus sundaicus with Wolman salt gives an absorption of 80—160 kg/m3.
Lithocarpus wood contains 72.5—78% holocellulose, 47—56.5% 'ALFA'-cellulose, 20.5—27% lignin, 13.5—15% pentosan, 0.3—0.7% ash and c. 0.3% silica. The solubility is 0.6—2.4% in alcohol-benzene, c. 1.5% in cold water, 1.6—5.9% in hot water and 10.1—15.0% in a 1% NaOH solution. The energy value of Lithocarpus sundaicus wood is approximately 19 200 kJ/kg.
The air-dried bark of Lithocarpus sundaicus contains 15—22% tannin, rarely less.
Description
Monoecious evergreen (in Malesia) small to large trees up to 45(—52) m tall; bole up to 100(—150) cm in diameter, occasionally with thick, often steep buttresses up to 2.5(—4) m high, or stilt-rooted; bark surface smooth to fissured, sometimes scaly, lenticellate, usually grey-brown, inner bark with broad hard rays penetrating the cambium. Leaves arranged spirally, simple, margin entire, usually leathery, glabrous to densely pubescent or tomentose at least below; petiole thickened; stipules extrapetiolar, caducous. Inflorescence male, female or mixed, spicate, rigid and erect; male inflorescence solitary in the axil of lower leaves or in paniculate clusters on lateral or subterminal shoots, simple or branched; female or mixed inflorescence solitary in the axil of higher leaves or on the upper part of the paniculate cluster; mixed inflorescence with the male flowers in the upper part and female ones in the lower part. Male flowers solitary or in clusters of 3—7(—30) along the rachis; perianth segments (4—)6(—7), connate at base; stamens (8—)12(—15), with slender filaments and dorsifixed anthers; pistillode present, hairy. Female flowers solitary or in dichasial clusters of 3—7(—15) along the rachis; perianth segments 6, connate at base; staminodes 10—12; ovary inferior, with as many cells as the styles, styles 3—6(—15), more or less connate at base, stigmas punctiform. Cupules solitary or in dichasial clusters, one below each female flower, cup- or saucer-shaped to almost globular and then enclosing almost the entire fruit, variously lamellate, squamose, tuberculate or muricate but never spiny. Fruit an indehiscent nut (acorn), 1 per cupule, round in cross-section, glabrous to densely tomentose, apex umbonate, the umbo without rings. Seed 1, exalbuminous; cotyledons flat-convex. Seedling with hypogeal germination; leaves arranged spirally or sometimes the first 2 opposite, usually open and flat rather than conduplicate, usually replaced by scales at the first few nodes.
Wood Anatomy
— Macroscopic characters:
Heartwood greyish-brown to brown or brown-red to pinkish-brown, sometimes with a yellow tinge, indistinctly to distinctly demarcated from the brown or pale brown to straw-coloured sapwood. Grain straight to slightly wavy, sometimes interlocked. Texture slightly coarse to coarse; wood moderately lustrous. Growth rings usually indistinct; vessels visible to the naked eye; parenchyma usually visible without a lens; rays of 2 distinct sizes, the smaller ones visible only with a lens; ripple marks absent.
— Microscopic characters:
Growth rings often indistinct, in some species distinct and wavy, marked by differences in fibre wall thickness. Vessels diffuse, in a diagonal to radial pattern, (6—)10(—16)/mm2, almost exclusively solitary, round to oval, tangential diameter (60—)150(—250) µm; perforations simple; intervessel pits non-vestured, opposite to alternate, round to oval, 5—8 µm; vessel-ray and vessel-parenchyma pits large and simple and often elongated; helical thickenings and deposits absent; tyloses usually present. Vasicentric tracheids common. Fibres c. 1580 µm long, non-septate, medium thick-walled to very thick-walled (variable within and between species), with simple to minutely bordered pits mainly confined to the radial walls. Parenchyma apotracheal, rather abundant, in narrow wavy bands of 1 cell wide, in (5—)8(—11)-celled strands. Rays of 2 distinct sizes: uniseriate (to rarely biseriate) rays c. 8/mm and c. 0.4 mm high, homocellular; wide rays 0.4/mm, up to 13—15(—40)-seriate and up to 8.5 mm high, homocellular. Prismatic crystals present in chambered ray and axial parenchyma cells. Silica inclusions and intercellular canals not observed.
Species studied: Lithocarpus celebicus, Lithocarpus edulis (Makino) Rehder, Lithocarpus neorobinsonii A. Camus, Lithocarpus sundaicus.
Heartwood greyish-brown to brown or brown-red to pinkish-brown, sometimes with a yellow tinge, indistinctly to distinctly demarcated from the brown or pale brown to straw-coloured sapwood. Grain straight to slightly wavy, sometimes interlocked. Texture slightly coarse to coarse; wood moderately lustrous. Growth rings usually indistinct; vessels visible to the naked eye; parenchyma usually visible without a lens; rays of 2 distinct sizes, the smaller ones visible only with a lens; ripple marks absent.
— Microscopic characters:
Growth rings often indistinct, in some species distinct and wavy, marked by differences in fibre wall thickness. Vessels diffuse, in a diagonal to radial pattern, (6—)10(—16)/mm2, almost exclusively solitary, round to oval, tangential diameter (60—)150(—250) µm; perforations simple; intervessel pits non-vestured, opposite to alternate, round to oval, 5—8 µm; vessel-ray and vessel-parenchyma pits large and simple and often elongated; helical thickenings and deposits absent; tyloses usually present. Vasicentric tracheids common. Fibres c. 1580 µm long, non-septate, medium thick-walled to very thick-walled (variable within and between species), with simple to minutely bordered pits mainly confined to the radial walls. Parenchyma apotracheal, rather abundant, in narrow wavy bands of 1 cell wide, in (5—)8(—11)-celled strands. Rays of 2 distinct sizes: uniseriate (to rarely biseriate) rays c. 8/mm and c. 0.4 mm high, homocellular; wide rays 0.4/mm, up to 13—15(—40)-seriate and up to 8.5 mm high, homocellular. Prismatic crystals present in chambered ray and axial parenchyma cells. Silica inclusions and intercellular canals not observed.
Species studied: Lithocarpus celebicus, Lithocarpus edulis (Makino) Rehder, Lithocarpus neorobinsonii A. Camus, Lithocarpus sundaicus.
Growth and Development
Germination varies between the species and takes place 1—9 months after sowing. During germination, the fruit wall and testa remain persistent around the well-developed cotyledons. The taproot develops into a sturdy root system. The young leaves are open and flat, hence not conduplicate.
Lithocarpus korthalsii develops according to the architectural tree model of Rauh, i.e. a monopodial trunk which grows rhythmically and develops tiers of branches, with branches morphogenetically identical to the trunk.
In montane forest of West Java, naturally regenerated mempening was 3—4 m tall 5 years after selective cutting. In an experiment with Lithocarpus in the Philippines, the height increment of coppice shoots was 0.8—1.4 m in 3 years.
In Borneo, Lithocarpus generally flowers early in the dry season which seems to maximize pollination as it coincides with the peak of the insect population. Mature fruits are found 7—8 months after flowering; for Lithocarpus sundaicus in Peninsular Malaysia after only about 4 months. New leaves are produced in distinct flushes. Seeds are eaten by all kinds of animals. Like all Fagaceae, Lithocarpus has a symbiotic relationship with ectomycorrhizae.
Lithocarpus korthalsii develops according to the architectural tree model of Rauh, i.e. a monopodial trunk which grows rhythmically and develops tiers of branches, with branches morphogenetically identical to the trunk.
In montane forest of West Java, naturally regenerated mempening was 3—4 m tall 5 years after selective cutting. In an experiment with Lithocarpus in the Philippines, the height increment of coppice shoots was 0.8—1.4 m in 3 years.
In Borneo, Lithocarpus generally flowers early in the dry season which seems to maximize pollination as it coincides with the peak of the insect population. Mature fruits are found 7—8 months after flowering; for Lithocarpus sundaicus in Peninsular Malaysia after only about 4 months. New leaves are produced in distinct flushes. Seeds are eaten by all kinds of animals. Like all Fagaceae, Lithocarpus has a symbiotic relationship with ectomycorrhizae.
Other Botanical Information
Lithocarpus was formerly considered as a part of the genus Quercus, because of the similar cupules. This similarity is, however, due to convergent evolution. In Quercus a cupule develops below a 3-flowered dichasium (a dichasium cupule) but the 2 lateral flowers are atrophied, resulting in a solitary flower in the cupule. Within Lithocarpus a cupule develops below each female flower of the 3—7-flowered dichasium (a flower cupule). In some species the lateral flowers atrophy, resulting in a solitary flower that is very similar to, but ontogenetically different from that of Quercus. Quercus and Lithocarpus are currently considered as evolutionarily far apart and are assigned to different subfamilies. Apart from this, Lithocarpus differs from Quercus by its uni- or bisexual inflorescences, its erect male inflorescences, and its male flowers with usually 12 stamens and dorsifixed small anthers. Quercus has unisexual inflorescences, pendulous male inflorescences, and male flowers with 6 stamens and basifixed large anthers.
Ecology
Within the Malesian area, the species of Lithocarpus occur scattered, mainly in evergreen lowland to montane rain forest at (0—)300—1500(—3000) m altitude. They are characteristic elements of the lower montane and mid-montane forest, often together with Quercus or, in New Guinea with Castanopsis. They are generally found in areas with a perhumid climate, rarely (e.g. Lithocarpus sundaicus in Central and East Java) in regions with a slightly seasonal climate. The species occur on a wide variety of soil types including limestone, peat, podzolic soils and quartzite ridges. Lithocarpus species are not resistant to fire.
Propagation and planting
Mempening can be propagated by seed, although seed viability is generally poor and seed cannot be stored for longer than a month. The number of dry seeds per kg is 200—450 for Lithocarpus elegans, about 135 for Lithocarpus indutus, about 275 for Lithocarpus pseudomoluccus, and 185—350 for Lithocarpus sundaicus. Germination rates are 5—20% in 1—4 months for Lithocarpus elegans, 15—25% in 1—4 months for Lithocarpus ewyckii and 15% in about 6 months for Lithocarpus gracilis. Seed of Lithocarpus cyclophorus germinates in 5—8 months, seed of Lithocarpus lucidus in 4—9 months. Peeling the fruits may enhance germination. Seedlings should be 25—30 cm tall at the moment of planting. Direct sowing in cleared areas is also practised.
Silviculture and Management
Natural regeneration of mempening after selective cutting is satisfactory, but never profuse, accounting for only a minor part of the commercially interesting tree species in montane forest. The occurrence of small open areas of 300—500(—1000) m2 most favours natural regeneration. Much seed is eaten by animals or destroyed by larvae, as fallen seed may take some months to germinate.
Coppicing experiments in the Philippines revealed that regeneration of local Lithocarpus species is very feasible; stumps of 5—40 cm diameter all sprouted satisfactorily with 4—11 sprouts per stump.
Coppicing experiments in the Philippines revealed that regeneration of local Lithocarpus species is very feasible; stumps of 5—40 cm diameter all sprouted satisfactorily with 4—11 sprouts per stump.
Diseases and Pests
Many animals feed on the fruits, thus limiting the possibilities of natural regeneration in silvicultural management.
Harvesting
Mempening is harvested by selective cutting systems, as the trees occur scattered, and since mountainous forest is often protected for erosion control and watershed management.
The bark can be removed from the bole easily.
The bark can be removed from the bole easily.
Yield
No plantation trials have been set up. An 8 m tall Lithocarpus sundaicus tree with a diameter at breast height of 12 cm yields an average of 3.5 kg bark for tannin production.
Handling After Harvest
The timber should be treated with anti-stain chemicals immediately after sawing.
Genetic Resources
No germplasm or seedbank activities for Malesian Lithocarpus species are known to exist. In general, the species are not liable to genetic erosion, as their economic importance and hence the amount harvested is generally small, with the possible exception of Papua New Guinea and/or Sabah. For some of the rarer species, however, forest conversion or indiscrimate forest exploitation may be a threat to their genetic diversity.
Prospects
Very little is known on the cultivation of mempening in South-East Asia, and Lithocarpus does not seem to have prospects as a timber plantation tree. Its utilization as part of the natural forest by harvesting through selective cutting systems is not expected to change drastically in the near future. However, its importance in sustainable management of mountainous forest may increase, thus warranting further investigation.
Literature
Camus, A., 1948, 1952-1954. Les chênes. Atlas Tome III & Texte Tome III. Encyclopédie Economique de Silviculture 8 [The oaks. Atlas volume III & text volume III. Economic encyclopedia of silviculture 8]. Paul Lechevalier, Paris. 1314 pp.
Cockburn, P.F., 1976. Trees of Sabah. Sabah Forest Record No 10. Vol. 1. Forest Department Sabah. Borneo Literature Bureau, Kuching. pp. 95-115.
Cockburn, P.F., 1983. Fagaceae. In: Whitmore, T.C. (Editor): Tree flora of Malaya. A manual for foresters. Revised edition. Vol. 1. Malayan Forest Records No 26. Forest Research Institute Malaysia. Longman Malaysia SDN. Berhad, Kuala Lumpur. pp. 209-227.
Eddowes, P.J., 1977. Commercial timbers of Papua New Guinea. Their properties and uses. Forest Products Research Centre, Department of Primary Industry, Port Moresby. pp. 22-23, 87.
Kaul, R.B., Abbe, E.C. & Abbe, L.B., 1986. Reproductive phenology of the oak family (Fagaceae) in the lowland rain forest of Borneo. Biotropica 18: 51-55.
Kramer, F., 1926. Onderzoek naar de natuurlijke verjonging en den uitkap in Preanger gebergtebosch [Research into the natural regeneration and selective cutting in the Priangan mountain forest]. Proefschrift Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen. 182 pp.
Mamanteo, B.P. & Veracion, V.P., 1985. Coppicing of oak trees. Sylvatrop 10: 181-185.
Martawijaya, A., Kartasujana, I., Kadir, K. & Prawira, S.A., 1986. Indonesian wood atlas. Vol. 1. Forest Products Research and Development Centre, Bogor. pp. 111-115.
Soepadmo, E., 1972. Fagaceae. In: van Steenis, C.G.G.J. (Editor): Flora Malesiana. Ser. 1, Vol. 7. Noordhoff International Publishing, Leiden. pp. 318-385.
Wong, T.M., 1982. Lesser-known timbers VII - Mempening. Forest Research Institute Timber Digest No 40. pp. 1-4.
Cockburn, P.F., 1976. Trees of Sabah. Sabah Forest Record No 10. Vol. 1. Forest Department Sabah. Borneo Literature Bureau, Kuching. pp. 95-115.
Cockburn, P.F., 1983. Fagaceae. In: Whitmore, T.C. (Editor): Tree flora of Malaya. A manual for foresters. Revised edition. Vol. 1. Malayan Forest Records No 26. Forest Research Institute Malaysia. Longman Malaysia SDN. Berhad, Kuala Lumpur. pp. 209-227.
Eddowes, P.J., 1977. Commercial timbers of Papua New Guinea. Their properties and uses. Forest Products Research Centre, Department of Primary Industry, Port Moresby. pp. 22-23, 87.
Kaul, R.B., Abbe, E.C. & Abbe, L.B., 1986. Reproductive phenology of the oak family (Fagaceae) in the lowland rain forest of Borneo. Biotropica 18: 51-55.
Kramer, F., 1926. Onderzoek naar de natuurlijke verjonging en den uitkap in Preanger gebergtebosch [Research into the natural regeneration and selective cutting in the Priangan mountain forest]. Proefschrift Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen. 182 pp.
Mamanteo, B.P. & Veracion, V.P., 1985. Coppicing of oak trees. Sylvatrop 10: 181-185.
Martawijaya, A., Kartasujana, I., Kadir, K. & Prawira, S.A., 1986. Indonesian wood atlas. Vol. 1. Forest Products Research and Development Centre, Bogor. pp. 111-115.
Soepadmo, E., 1972. Fagaceae. In: van Steenis, C.G.G.J. (Editor): Flora Malesiana. Ser. 1, Vol. 7. Noordhoff International Publishing, Leiden. pp. 318-385.
Wong, T.M., 1982. Lesser-known timbers VII - Mempening. Forest Research Institute Timber Digest No 40. pp. 1-4.
Author(s)
E. Boer (general part), M.S.M. Sosef (general part, selection of species), W.C. Wong (properties), Vu-Cong Quy (wood anatomy)
Lithocarpus andersonii
Lithocarpus apoensis
Lithocarpus bancanus
Lithocarpus beccarianus
Lithocarpus bennettii
Lithocarpus cantleyanus
Lithocarpus caudatifolius
Lithocarpus celebicus
Lithocarpus clementianus
Lithocarpus confragosus
Lithocarpus conocarpus
Lithocarpus coopertus
Lithocarpus curtisii
Lithocarpus cyclophorus
Lithocarpus daphnoideus
Lithocarpus echinifer
Lithocarpus echinulatus
Lithocarpus elegans
Lithocarpus encleisacarpus
Lithocarpus ewyckii
Lithocarpus gracilis
Lithocarpus hallieri
Lithocarpus hystrix
Lithocarpus indutus
Lithocarpus javensis
Lithocarpus korthalsii
Lithocarpus kostermansii
Lithocarpus lampadarius
Lithocarpus lauterbachii
Lithocarpus leptogyne
Lithocarpus lucidus
Lithocarpus luteus
Lithocarpus macphailii
Lithocarpus megacarpus
Lithocarpus meijeri
Lithocarpus nieuwenhuisii
Lithocarpus pseudokunstleri
Lithocarpus pseudomoluccus
Lithocarpus pulcher
Lithocarpus pusillus
Lithocarpus rassa
Lithocarpus rotundatus
Lithocarpus rufovillosus
Lithocarpus schlechteri
Lithocarpus scortechinii
Lithocarpus sericobalanus
Lithocarpus sogerensis
Lithocarpus solerianus
Lithocarpus sulitii
Lithocarpus sundaicus
Lithocarpus urceolaris
Lithocarpus vinkii
Lithocarpus wallichianus
Lithocarpus woodii
Lithocarpus wrayi
Lithocarpus apoensis
Lithocarpus bancanus
Lithocarpus beccarianus
Lithocarpus bennettii
Lithocarpus cantleyanus
Lithocarpus caudatifolius
Lithocarpus celebicus
Lithocarpus clementianus
Lithocarpus confragosus
Lithocarpus conocarpus
Lithocarpus coopertus
Lithocarpus curtisii
Lithocarpus cyclophorus
Lithocarpus daphnoideus
Lithocarpus echinifer
Lithocarpus echinulatus
Lithocarpus elegans
Lithocarpus encleisacarpus
Lithocarpus ewyckii
Lithocarpus gracilis
Lithocarpus hallieri
Lithocarpus hystrix
Lithocarpus indutus
Lithocarpus javensis
Lithocarpus korthalsii
Lithocarpus kostermansii
Lithocarpus lampadarius
Lithocarpus lauterbachii
Lithocarpus leptogyne
Lithocarpus lucidus
Lithocarpus luteus
Lithocarpus macphailii
Lithocarpus megacarpus
Lithocarpus meijeri
Lithocarpus nieuwenhuisii
Lithocarpus pseudokunstleri
Lithocarpus pseudomoluccus
Lithocarpus pulcher
Lithocarpus pusillus
Lithocarpus rassa
Lithocarpus rotundatus
Lithocarpus rufovillosus
Lithocarpus schlechteri
Lithocarpus scortechinii
Lithocarpus sericobalanus
Lithocarpus sogerensis
Lithocarpus solerianus
Lithocarpus sulitii
Lithocarpus sundaicus
Lithocarpus urceolaris
Lithocarpus vinkii
Lithocarpus wallichianus
Lithocarpus woodii
Lithocarpus wrayi
Correct Citation of this Article
Boer, E., Sosef, M.S.M., Wong, W.C. & Vu-Cong Quy, 1995. Lithocarpus Blume. In: Lemmens, R.H.M.J., Soerianegara, I. and Wong, W.C. (Editors): Plant Resources of South-East Asia No 5(2): Timber trees; Minor commercial timbers. PROSEA Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. Database record: prota4u.org/prosea
Selection of Species
The following species in this genus are important in this commodity group and are treated separatedly in this database:
Lithocarpus andersonii
Lithocarpus apoensis
Lithocarpus bancanus
Lithocarpus beccarianus
Lithocarpus bennettii
Lithocarpus cantleyanus
Lithocarpus caudatifolius
Lithocarpus celebicus
Lithocarpus clementianus
Lithocarpus confragosus
Lithocarpus conocarpus
Lithocarpus coopertus
Lithocarpus curtisii
Lithocarpus cyclophorus
Lithocarpus daphnoideus
Lithocarpus echinifer
Lithocarpus echinulatus
Lithocarpus elegans
Lithocarpus encleisacarpus
Lithocarpus ewyckii
Lithocarpus gracilis
Lithocarpus hallieri
Lithocarpus hystrix
Lithocarpus indutus
Lithocarpus javensis
Lithocarpus korthalsii
Lithocarpus kostermansii
Lithocarpus lampadarius
Lithocarpus lauterbachii
Lithocarpus leptogyne
Lithocarpus lucidus
Lithocarpus luteus
Lithocarpus macphailii
Lithocarpus megacarpus
Lithocarpus meijeri
Lithocarpus nieuwenhuisii
Lithocarpus pseudokunstleri
Lithocarpus pseudomoluccus
Lithocarpus pulcher
Lithocarpus pusillus
Lithocarpus rassa
Lithocarpus rotundatus
Lithocarpus rufovillosus
Lithocarpus schlechteri
Lithocarpus scortechinii
Lithocarpus sericobalanus
Lithocarpus sogerensis
Lithocarpus solerianus
Lithocarpus sulitii
Lithocarpus sundaicus
Lithocarpus urceolaris
Lithocarpus vinkii
Lithocarpus wallichianus
Lithocarpus woodii
Lithocarpus wrayi
Lithocarpus andersonii
Lithocarpus apoensis
Lithocarpus bancanus
Lithocarpus beccarianus
Lithocarpus bennettii
Lithocarpus cantleyanus
Lithocarpus caudatifolius
Lithocarpus celebicus
Lithocarpus clementianus
Lithocarpus confragosus
Lithocarpus conocarpus
Lithocarpus coopertus
Lithocarpus curtisii
Lithocarpus cyclophorus
Lithocarpus daphnoideus
Lithocarpus echinifer
Lithocarpus echinulatus
Lithocarpus elegans
Lithocarpus encleisacarpus
Lithocarpus ewyckii
Lithocarpus gracilis
Lithocarpus hallieri
Lithocarpus hystrix
Lithocarpus indutus
Lithocarpus javensis
Lithocarpus korthalsii
Lithocarpus kostermansii
Lithocarpus lampadarius
Lithocarpus lauterbachii
Lithocarpus leptogyne
Lithocarpus lucidus
Lithocarpus luteus
Lithocarpus macphailii
Lithocarpus megacarpus
Lithocarpus meijeri
Lithocarpus nieuwenhuisii
Lithocarpus pseudokunstleri
Lithocarpus pseudomoluccus
Lithocarpus pulcher
Lithocarpus pusillus
Lithocarpus rassa
Lithocarpus rotundatus
Lithocarpus rufovillosus
Lithocarpus schlechteri
Lithocarpus scortechinii
Lithocarpus sericobalanus
Lithocarpus sogerensis
Lithocarpus solerianus
Lithocarpus sulitii
Lithocarpus sundaicus
Lithocarpus urceolaris
Lithocarpus vinkii
Lithocarpus wallichianus
Lithocarpus woodii
Lithocarpus wrayi
All texts are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Netherlands License
This license does not include the illustrations (Maps,drawings,pictures); these remain all under copyright.