Record Number
4347
PROSEA Handbook Number
5(2): Timber trees; Minor commercial timbers
Taxon
Litsea Lamk
Protologue
Encycl. 3: 574 (1792).
Family
LAURACEAE
Chromosome Numbers
x = 12; n = 12 for many species, Litsea glutinosa: n = 24
Trade Groups
Trade groups Medang: lightweight to medium-weight hardwood, e.g. Litsea costalis (Nees) Kosterm., Litsea elliptica Blume, Litsea grandis (Wallich ex Nees) Hook.f.
Medang is used as the trade name for the timber of most Lauraceae genera, such as Alseodaphne, Beilschmiedia, Cinnamomum, Cryptocarya, Dehaasia, Notaphoebe, Persea and Phoebe.
Medang is used as the trade name for the timber of most Lauraceae genera, such as Alseodaphne, Beilschmiedia, Cinnamomum, Cryptocarya, Dehaasia, Notaphoebe, Persea and Phoebe.
Vernacular Names
Medang: bollywood (En). Malaysia: medang padang (Sarawak). Papua New Guinea: litsea. Philippines: batikuling (general). Burma (Myanmar): ondôn, kyese. Thailand: thammang, thang-baiyai. Vietnam: boi loi.
Origin and Geographic Distribution
Litsea is a large genus comprising about 400 species. These occur in all tropical and subtropical areas of the world except for Africa. The genus is found throughout the Malesian area and is represented there by about 150 species.
Uses
The timber is used for interior finish, panelling, ceilings, partitioning, furniture, cabinet work, boards, rotary veneer and plywood, and packing cases; the heavier timber which may be present in some species is also used for medium-heavy construction, poles, posts, planks, canoes, tool handles, agricultural implements, carving, sculpturing and pattern making.
The fruits of Litsea glutinosa and Litsea garciae S. Vidal are edible. Leaves, bark and wood chips are used in traditional medicine. The seeds of some species contain an oil which is used as a medicine, for the manufacture of soap and hair cream and was formerly used for candle manufacture. The leaves of Litsea monopetala are the principal food of the muga silkworm (Antheraea assama) in India and are used for fodder in Nepal. The bark of Litsea umbellata is used for walls of local houses. Litsea elliptica yields safrole used as "sarsaparilla"" in the perfume and flavour-producing industry. The roots of Litsea glutinosa yield fibres used in Thailand for making ropes and for paper pulp.
The fruits of Litsea glutinosa and Litsea garciae S. Vidal are edible. Leaves, bark and wood chips are used in traditional medicine. The seeds of some species contain an oil which is used as a medicine, for the manufacture of soap and hair cream and was formerly used for candle manufacture. The leaves of Litsea monopetala are the principal food of the muga silkworm (Antheraea assama) in India and are used for fodder in Nepal. The bark of Litsea umbellata is used for walls of local houses. Litsea elliptica yields safrole used as "sarsaparilla"" in the perfume and flavour-producing industry. The roots of Litsea glutinosa yield fibres used in Thailand for making ropes and for paper pulp.
Production and International Trade
Litsea timber is not traded separately but as medang together with the timber of other Lauraceae genera. It probably accounts for only a small proportion of the total amount of medang in trade.
The total export of medang in 1984 from Peninsular Malaysia to Singapore was 1500 m3 with a value of US$ 62 000, the export from Sabah in 1992 was 52 000 m3 (about 10% as sawn timber) with a total value of US$ 4.3 million. The minimum price for saw logs in Papua New Guinea in 1992 was US$ 43/m3.
The total export of medang in 1984 from Peninsular Malaysia to Singapore was 1500 m3 with a value of US$ 62 000, the export from Sabah in 1992 was 52 000 m3 (about 10% as sawn timber) with a total value of US$ 4.3 million. The minimum price for saw logs in Papua New Guinea in 1992 was US$ 43/m3.
Properties
Medang is a lightweight to medium-weight hardwood. The heartwood is somewhat variable in colour but usually ranges from pale olive-brown or creamy yellow to dark greenish-brown. The sapwood is often not distinctly demarcated from the heartwood (but moderately sharply defined in some species) and ranges from pale straw-coloured to pale yellowish-brown. The density is (355—)370—560(—770) kg/m3 at 15% moisture content. The grain is straight or slightly to moderately interlocked, texture moderately fine and even.
At 15% moisture content, the modulus of rupture is 38—77 N/mm2, modulus of elasticity 7250—11 075 N/mm2, compression parallel to grain 27—35 N/mm2, compression perpendicular to grain 3 N/mm2, shear 3—7.5 N/mm2, cleavage 44—49 N/mm radial and 50—53 N/mm tangential, Janka side hardness 1090—2310 N and Janka end hardness c. 1285 N.
The rates of shrinkage are moderate to high: from green to 15% moisture content 1.1—2.0% radial and 2.7—4.0% tangential, from green to 12% moisture content 1.4—2.7% radial and 3.1—5.1% tangential and from green to oven dry 1.5—4.6% radial and 4.0—8.6% tangential. The wood dries fairly slowly with slight bowing and staining. Boards 15 mm thick take 2.5—4 months to air dry from green to 15% moisture content, 40 mm thick boards 3.5—5 months. In Malaysia kiln schedule H is recommended.
The wood is easy to slightly difficult to saw and easy to plane; the surface produced is smooth to moderately smooth. The nailing properties are rated as excellent.
The wood is generally not durable and is susceptible to fungal and Lyctus beetle attack. Litsea firma wood is reported to be resistant to the termite Nasutitermes exitiosus but not to Coptotermes lacteus. When there is resistance to fungi and insects, this is usually attributed to the presence of monoterpene, a toxic substance present in many Lauraceae species. The heartwood is difficult to treat with preservatives, but the sapwood absorbs preservatives readily. The retention by pressure treatment of Litsea irianensis heartwood in Papua New Guinea was 530 kg/m3.
Wood of Litsea costalis contains 68% holocellulose, 42.5% 'ALFA'-cellulose, 28% lignin, 11.5% pentosan and 0.3% ash. The solubility is 4.1% in alcohol-benzene, 5.1% in hot water and 12.7% in a 1% NaOH solution. Wood of Litsea firma contains 51% cellulose, 26% lignin, 11% pentosan, 0.4% ash and 0.05% silica. The solubility is 5.4% in alcohol-benzene, 1.3% in cold water, 4.8% in hot water and 11.3% in a 1% NaOH solution. The energy value is 21 150 kJ/kg.
At 15% moisture content, the modulus of rupture is 38—77 N/mm2, modulus of elasticity 7250—11 075 N/mm2, compression parallel to grain 27—35 N/mm2, compression perpendicular to grain 3 N/mm2, shear 3—7.5 N/mm2, cleavage 44—49 N/mm radial and 50—53 N/mm tangential, Janka side hardness 1090—2310 N and Janka end hardness c. 1285 N.
The rates of shrinkage are moderate to high: from green to 15% moisture content 1.1—2.0% radial and 2.7—4.0% tangential, from green to 12% moisture content 1.4—2.7% radial and 3.1—5.1% tangential and from green to oven dry 1.5—4.6% radial and 4.0—8.6% tangential. The wood dries fairly slowly with slight bowing and staining. Boards 15 mm thick take 2.5—4 months to air dry from green to 15% moisture content, 40 mm thick boards 3.5—5 months. In Malaysia kiln schedule H is recommended.
The wood is easy to slightly difficult to saw and easy to plane; the surface produced is smooth to moderately smooth. The nailing properties are rated as excellent.
The wood is generally not durable and is susceptible to fungal and Lyctus beetle attack. Litsea firma wood is reported to be resistant to the termite Nasutitermes exitiosus but not to Coptotermes lacteus. When there is resistance to fungi and insects, this is usually attributed to the presence of monoterpene, a toxic substance present in many Lauraceae species. The heartwood is difficult to treat with preservatives, but the sapwood absorbs preservatives readily. The retention by pressure treatment of Litsea irianensis heartwood in Papua New Guinea was 530 kg/m3.
Wood of Litsea costalis contains 68% holocellulose, 42.5% 'ALFA'-cellulose, 28% lignin, 11.5% pentosan and 0.3% ash. The solubility is 4.1% in alcohol-benzene, 5.1% in hot water and 12.7% in a 1% NaOH solution. Wood of Litsea firma contains 51% cellulose, 26% lignin, 11% pentosan, 0.4% ash and 0.05% silica. The solubility is 5.4% in alcohol-benzene, 1.3% in cold water, 4.8% in hot water and 11.3% in a 1% NaOH solution. The energy value is 21 150 kJ/kg.
Description
Evergreen, usually dioecious shrubs or small to medium-sized, rarely large trees up to 45 m tall; bole up to 80(—110) cm in diameter, sometimes with short buttresses; bark surface smooth to scaly and irregularly flaky, rarely fissured or dippled, often with horizontal rings or lenticellate, pale grey or pale brown to reddish-brown, inner bark cream to orange or reddish and yellow mottled, often with a strong smell; sapwood white to yellowish or brownish. Leaves alternate, subopposite or opposite, simple, entire, with glandular dots and aromatic when crushed, pinnately veined, often glaucous below; stipules absent. Inflorescence sessile or pedunculate, in leaf axils or cauliflorous on twigs, branches or trunk, consisting of racemes or clusters of umbellules surrounded by an involucre of 4—6 persistent or subpersistent large decussate bracts. Flowers unisexual or rarely bisexual, often 4—6 together in an umbellule, trimerous; tepals 0 or 6, rarely 8, equal or unequal, united in a tube at base; fertile stamens in the male flower 9 or 12, rarely more, in 3 or 4 rows, the 3rd row and 4th row (when present) flanked by glands, anthers 4-celled, all introrse or the basal pair of the 3rd staminal row lateral; ovary rudimentary in the male flower, in the female flower superior, sessile, 1-celled, globose or ovoid, with a single, pendulous, anatropous ovule, style usually thick, often curved, with a conspicuous peltate stigma. Fruit a 1-seeded berry, globose or ovoid to cylindrical, resting on the variably enlarged perianth tube (the perianth lobes deciduous) and supported by the slightly enlarged pedicel. Seed without albumen, with a thin testa; cotyledons large, flat, convex and pressed against each other; embryo minute. Seedling with hypogeal germination (Litsea castanea); cotyledons partially exposed.
Wood Anatomy
— Macroscopic characters:
Heartwood greenish-yellow to dark olive-green in most species (drying pinkish in Litsea firma), distinctly or indistinctly demarcated from the paler sapwood. Grain straight to moderately interlocked. Texture moderately fine and even. Growth rings distinct, marked by darker coloured layers of dense fibres; vessels usually visible to the naked eye; parenchyma and rays usually only visible with a hand lens; ripple marks absent.
— Microscopic characters:
Growth rings distinct, marked by differences in fibre wall thickness and radial fibre diameter. Vessels diffuse, c. 11 (9—12)/mm2, solitary and in radial multiples of 2—6, round to oval or slightly angular, average tangential diameter c. 100—150 µm; perforations usually exclusively simple, in some species with a low proportion of scalariform plates; intervessel pits alternate, non-vestured, round to polygonal, 7—12 µm, with slit-like, occasionally coalescent apertures; vessel-ray and vessel-parenchyma pits with strongly reduced borders to simple, mostly elongated and in an oblique or scalariform pattern; no helical thickenings or deposits; thin-walled tyloses present in some of the vessels. Fibres 1080—1520 µm long, all septate or some non-septate, thin-walled to thick-walled, with minutely bordered pits mainly confined to the radial walls. Parenchyma scarce to moderately abundant, scanty paratracheal to vasicentric, aliform with short wings and occasionally confluent, in 2—6-celled strands. Rays 5—8/mm, 2—4 cells wide, c. 0.4 mm high, heterocellular to homocellular, composed of procumbent body ray cells, with 1—2 rows of square to upright or weakly procumbent marginal cells. Crystals present in some species, prismatic in ray cells, occasionally in radial alignment or acicular in the axial and/or ray parenchyma cells (e.g. Litsea irianensis and Litsea laeta (Wallich ex Nees) Benth. & Hook.f), or as small cubical crystals in the rays (e.g. Litsea insignis (Blume) Boerl.). Silica bodies present in ray and axial parenchyma cells of many species (e.g. Litsea grandis, Litsea helferi Hook.f., Litsea ledermannii and Litsea resinosa). Secretory (oil or mucilage) cells present among the axial parenchyma and occasionally (e.g. Litsea nidularis) associated with the ray margins.
Species studied: Litsea angulata, Litsea castanea, Litsea collina, Litsea costalis, Litsea engleriana, Litsea firma, Litsea garciae, Litsea grandis, Litsea helferi, Litsea insignis, Litsea irianensis, Litsea laeta, Litsea ledermannii, Litsea maingayi, Litsea monopetala, Litsea nidularis, Litsea panamanja (Nees) Hook.f., Litsea resinosa, Litsea reticulata (Meissn.) Benth., Litsea robusta, Litsea timoriana, Litsea tomentosa, Litsea umbellata.
Heartwood greenish-yellow to dark olive-green in most species (drying pinkish in Litsea firma), distinctly or indistinctly demarcated from the paler sapwood. Grain straight to moderately interlocked. Texture moderately fine and even. Growth rings distinct, marked by darker coloured layers of dense fibres; vessels usually visible to the naked eye; parenchyma and rays usually only visible with a hand lens; ripple marks absent.
— Microscopic characters:
Growth rings distinct, marked by differences in fibre wall thickness and radial fibre diameter. Vessels diffuse, c. 11 (9—12)/mm2, solitary and in radial multiples of 2—6, round to oval or slightly angular, average tangential diameter c. 100—150 µm; perforations usually exclusively simple, in some species with a low proportion of scalariform plates; intervessel pits alternate, non-vestured, round to polygonal, 7—12 µm, with slit-like, occasionally coalescent apertures; vessel-ray and vessel-parenchyma pits with strongly reduced borders to simple, mostly elongated and in an oblique or scalariform pattern; no helical thickenings or deposits; thin-walled tyloses present in some of the vessels. Fibres 1080—1520 µm long, all septate or some non-septate, thin-walled to thick-walled, with minutely bordered pits mainly confined to the radial walls. Parenchyma scarce to moderately abundant, scanty paratracheal to vasicentric, aliform with short wings and occasionally confluent, in 2—6-celled strands. Rays 5—8/mm, 2—4 cells wide, c. 0.4 mm high, heterocellular to homocellular, composed of procumbent body ray cells, with 1—2 rows of square to upright or weakly procumbent marginal cells. Crystals present in some species, prismatic in ray cells, occasionally in radial alignment or acicular in the axial and/or ray parenchyma cells (e.g. Litsea irianensis and Litsea laeta (Wallich ex Nees) Benth. & Hook.f), or as small cubical crystals in the rays (e.g. Litsea insignis (Blume) Boerl.). Silica bodies present in ray and axial parenchyma cells of many species (e.g. Litsea grandis, Litsea helferi Hook.f., Litsea ledermannii and Litsea resinosa). Secretory (oil or mucilage) cells present among the axial parenchyma and occasionally (e.g. Litsea nidularis) associated with the ray margins.
Species studied: Litsea angulata, Litsea castanea, Litsea collina, Litsea costalis, Litsea engleriana, Litsea firma, Litsea garciae, Litsea grandis, Litsea helferi, Litsea insignis, Litsea irianensis, Litsea laeta, Litsea ledermannii, Litsea maingayi, Litsea monopetala, Litsea nidularis, Litsea panamanja (Nees) Hook.f., Litsea resinosa, Litsea reticulata (Meissn.) Benth., Litsea robusta, Litsea timoriana, Litsea tomentosa, Litsea umbellata.
Growth and Development
Average annual diameter increments for two secondary rain forest species are reported in Luzon: 0.8 cm and 1.9 cm for the 0—5 cm and 5—10 cm diameter classes of Litsea glutinosa respectively, and 2.2 cm for the 10—20 cm diameter class of Litsea cordata.
Litsea garciae exhibits the architectural growth model of Massart, i.e. an orthotropic, monopodial trunk with rhythmic growth and consequently producing regular tiers of branches, the branches being plagiotropic. Litsea glutinosa in Peninsular Malaysia flowers annually in February and March. The fruits of Litsea monopetala are thought to be dispersed by bats.
Litsea garciae exhibits the architectural growth model of Massart, i.e. an orthotropic, monopodial trunk with rhythmic growth and consequently producing regular tiers of branches, the branches being plagiotropic. Litsea glutinosa in Peninsular Malaysia flowers annually in February and March. The fruits of Litsea monopetala are thought to be dispersed by bats.
Other Botanical Information
Like many other Lauraceae genera, Litsea is in need of a thorough taxonomic revision. The genus itself is reasonably well-defined, but the lack of a proper key to the Malesian species often leads to misidentification at species level.
Litsea is closely related to Actinodaphne, which has its leaves in pseudo-whorls, and to Neolitsea, with dimerous flowers. It is divided into 3 subgenera: subgenus Litsea with unisexual flowers and 0 or 6 tepals, subgenus Dodecadenia (Nees ex Wallich) Kosterm. with bisexual flowers, and subgenus Octolitsea Liou-Ho with unisexual flowers and 8 tepals.
Litsea is closely related to Actinodaphne, which has its leaves in pseudo-whorls, and to Neolitsea, with dimerous flowers. It is divided into 3 subgenera: subgenus Litsea with unisexual flowers and 0 or 6 tepals, subgenus Dodecadenia (Nees ex Wallich) Kosterm. with bisexual flowers, and subgenus Octolitsea Liou-Ho with unisexual flowers and 8 tepals.
Ecology
Litsea species occur in a wide variety of habitats. Most species are found in well-drained primary and secondary forest, evergreen or sometimes semi-deciduous; some are also encountered in severely degraded vegetation such as bushes and thickets. Some species occur in swamp forest, or rarely in "kerangas"" (heath forest) or on limestone. Most species appear only at low and medium altitudes, but some individual species may ascend up to 1750(—2900) m. They usually constitute elements of the canopy or subcanopy layer, rarely emerging, and occur scattered but may be locally dominant.
Propagation and planting
Propagation is generally by seed, but may be possible by root or branch cuttings as well. The number of dry fruits (one fruit contains a single seed) per kg is about 300 for Litsea garciae and 2100 for Litsea confusa. Germination is not very rapid. In Litsea castanea approximately 70% germination is achieved in 45—115 days; 85% germination is achieved in Litsea maingayi in 35—55 days and in 15—45 days in Litsea glutinosa. When fruits are the units of sowing, 95% germinate in 35—100 days for Litsea elliptica and 40% in 35—115 days for Litsea umbellata. Fruits without cup germinate very poorly: 20% in 60—190 days for Litsea firma and 30% in 50—100 days for Litsea maingayi.
Litsea crassifolia also reproduces vegetatively by root suckers. Litsea umbellata has been successfully planted with other species for erosion control in Central Java at an altitude of 600—800 m and with an annual precipitation of 5000 mm. Litsea resinosa has been planted in a trial plantation in East Java.
Litsea crassifolia also reproduces vegetatively by root suckers. Litsea umbellata has been successfully planted with other species for erosion control in Central Java at an altitude of 600—800 m and with an annual precipitation of 5000 mm. Litsea resinosa has been planted in a trial plantation in East Java.
Silviculture and Management
In southern Sulawesi Litsea firma is one of the main species logged under a selective logging system with diameter limit of 50 cm, together with Santiria laevigata Blume, Kalappia celebica Kosterm., Vatica flavovirens v. Slooten, Calophyllum soulattri Burm.f. and Pouteria moluccana (Burck) Baehni. Natural regeneration is not favourable here. In peat-swamp forest, fast-growing Litsea species may become dominant in logged-over forest, such as Litsea cylindrocarpa, Litsea gracilipes, Litsea nidularis and Litsea resinosa. Most of the species coppice freely.
Harvesting
Nearly all the larger trees of Litsea crassifolia in kerangas and peat swamp-forest in Sarawak are hollow.
Genetic Resources
Several species are rare and indiscriminate logging of the trees of such a large and poorly known genus may easily endanger them. In the Philippines Litsea leytensis is considered to be a vanishing timber species.
Prospects
The prospects for Litsea as timber producer are not clear. More research is needed on wood properties, propagation and planting, and silviculture, to determine the value for the future.
Literature
Burgess, P.F., 1966. Timbers of Sabah. Sabah Forest Records No 6. Forest Department, Sabah, Sandakan. pp. 330-340.
de Guzman, E.D., Umali, R.M. & Sotalbo, E.D., 1986. Guide to Philippine flora and fauna. Vol. 3: Dipterocarps, Non-Dipterocarps. Natural Resources Management Center, Ministry of Natural Resources and University of the Philippines. pp. 106-109.
Desch, H.E., 1941. Manual of Malayan timbers. Malayan Forest Records No 15. Vol. 1. Federated Malay States Government. pp. 239-250.
Grewal, G.S., 1979. Air-seasoning properties of some Malaysian timbers. Malaysian Forest Service Trade Leaflet No 41. Malaysian Timber Industry Board, Kuala Lumpur. 26 pp.
Kochummen, K.M., 1989. Lauraceae. In: Ng, F.S.P. (Editor): Tree flora of Malaya. A manual for foresters. Vol. 4 (2nd edition). Forest Research Institute Malaysia. Longman Malaysia SDN. Berhad, Kuala Lumpur. pp. 98-178.
Kostermans, A.J.G.H., 1964. Bibliographia Lauracearum. Ministry of National Research. pp. 782-899.
Lee, Y.H., Engku Abdul Rahman bin Chik & Chu, Y.P., 1979. The strength properties of some Malaysian timbers. Malaysian Forest Service Trade Leaflet No 34 (revised edition). Malaysian Timber Industry Board, Kuala Lumpur. 107 pp.
Martawijaya, A., Kartasujana, I., Kadir, K. & Prawira, S.A., 1986. Indonesian wood atlas. Vol. 1. Forest Products Research and Development Centre, Bogor. pp. 68-73.
Meniado, J.A., Tamolang, F.N., Lopez, F.R., America, W.M. & Alonzo, D.S., 1975. Wood identification handbook for Philippine timbers. Vol. 1. Government Printing Office, Manila. pp. 149-158.
Reyes, L.J., 1938. Philippine woods. Technical Bulletin 7. Commonwealth of the Philippines, Department of Agriculture and Commerce. Bureau of Printing, Manila. pp. 97-100.
de Guzman, E.D., Umali, R.M. & Sotalbo, E.D., 1986. Guide to Philippine flora and fauna. Vol. 3: Dipterocarps, Non-Dipterocarps. Natural Resources Management Center, Ministry of Natural Resources and University of the Philippines. pp. 106-109.
Desch, H.E., 1941. Manual of Malayan timbers. Malayan Forest Records No 15. Vol. 1. Federated Malay States Government. pp. 239-250.
Grewal, G.S., 1979. Air-seasoning properties of some Malaysian timbers. Malaysian Forest Service Trade Leaflet No 41. Malaysian Timber Industry Board, Kuala Lumpur. 26 pp.
Kochummen, K.M., 1989. Lauraceae. In: Ng, F.S.P. (Editor): Tree flora of Malaya. A manual for foresters. Vol. 4 (2nd edition). Forest Research Institute Malaysia. Longman Malaysia SDN. Berhad, Kuala Lumpur. pp. 98-178.
Kostermans, A.J.G.H., 1964. Bibliographia Lauracearum. Ministry of National Research. pp. 782-899.
Lee, Y.H., Engku Abdul Rahman bin Chik & Chu, Y.P., 1979. The strength properties of some Malaysian timbers. Malaysian Forest Service Trade Leaflet No 34 (revised edition). Malaysian Timber Industry Board, Kuala Lumpur. 107 pp.
Martawijaya, A., Kartasujana, I., Kadir, K. & Prawira, S.A., 1986. Indonesian wood atlas. Vol. 1. Forest Products Research and Development Centre, Bogor. pp. 68-73.
Meniado, J.A., Tamolang, F.N., Lopez, F.R., America, W.M. & Alonzo, D.S., 1975. Wood identification handbook for Philippine timbers. Vol. 1. Government Printing Office, Manila. pp. 149-158.
Reyes, L.J., 1938. Philippine woods. Technical Bulletin 7. Commonwealth of the Philippines, Department of Agriculture and Commerce. Bureau of Printing, Manila. pp. 97-100.
Author(s)
I. Soerianegara (general part), H.C. Sim (properties), Y.F. Ho (wood anatomy), M.S.M. Sosef (selection of species)
Litsea angulata
Litsea artocarpifolia
Litsea aurea
Litsea calophyllantha
Litsea castanea
Litsea collina
Litsea confusa
Litsea cordata
Litsea costalis
Litsea costata
Litsea crassifolia
Litsea curtisii
Litsea cylindrocarpa
Litsea densiflora
Litsea domarensis
Litsea elliptica
Litsea engleriana
Litsea erectinervia
Litsea euphlebia
Litsea fenestrata
Litsea ferruginea
Litsea firma
Litsea fulva
Litsea glutinosa
Litsea gracilipes
Litsea grandis
Litsea irianensis
Litsea johorensis
Litsea ledermannii
Litsea leytensis
Litsea luzonica
Litsea machilifolia
Litsea magnifica
Litsea maingayi
Litsea maluensis
Litsea monopetala
Litsea myristicaefolia
Litsea nidularis
Litsea ochracea
Litsea penangiana
Litsea philippinensis
Litsea pruriens
Litsea resinosa
Litsea robusta
Litsea spathacea
Litsea teysmannii
Litsea timoriana
Litsea tomentosa
Litsea turfosa
Litsea umbellata
Litsea versteeghii
Litsea wrayi
Litsea artocarpifolia
Litsea aurea
Litsea calophyllantha
Litsea castanea
Litsea collina
Litsea confusa
Litsea cordata
Litsea costalis
Litsea costata
Litsea crassifolia
Litsea curtisii
Litsea cylindrocarpa
Litsea densiflora
Litsea domarensis
Litsea elliptica
Litsea engleriana
Litsea erectinervia
Litsea euphlebia
Litsea fenestrata
Litsea ferruginea
Litsea firma
Litsea fulva
Litsea glutinosa
Litsea gracilipes
Litsea grandis
Litsea irianensis
Litsea johorensis
Litsea ledermannii
Litsea leytensis
Litsea luzonica
Litsea machilifolia
Litsea magnifica
Litsea maingayi
Litsea maluensis
Litsea monopetala
Litsea myristicaefolia
Litsea nidularis
Litsea ochracea
Litsea penangiana
Litsea philippinensis
Litsea pruriens
Litsea resinosa
Litsea robusta
Litsea spathacea
Litsea teysmannii
Litsea timoriana
Litsea tomentosa
Litsea turfosa
Litsea umbellata
Litsea versteeghii
Litsea wrayi
Correct Citation of this Article
Soerianegara, I., Sim, H.C., Ho, Y.F. & Sosef, M.S.M., 1995. Litsea Lamk. In: Lemmens, R.H.M.J., Soerianegara, I. and Wong, W.C. (Editors): Plant Resources of South-East Asia No 5(2): Timber trees; Minor commercial timbers. PROSEA Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. Database record: prota4u.org/prosea
Selection of Species
The following species in this genus are important in this commodity group and are treated separatedly in this database:
Litsea angulata
Litsea artocarpifolia
Litsea aurea
Litsea calophyllantha
Litsea castanea
Litsea collina
Litsea confusa
Litsea cordata
Litsea costalis
Litsea costata
Litsea crassifolia
Litsea curtisii
Litsea cylindrocarpa
Litsea densiflora
Litsea domarensis
Litsea elliptica
Litsea engleriana
Litsea erectinervia
Litsea euphlebia
Litsea fenestrata
Litsea ferruginea
Litsea firma
Litsea fulva
Litsea glutinosa
Litsea gracilipes
Litsea grandis
Litsea irianensis
Litsea johorensis
Litsea ledermannii
Litsea leytensis
Litsea luzonica
Litsea machilifolia
Litsea magnifica
Litsea maingayi
Litsea maluensis
Litsea monopetala
Litsea myristicaefolia
Litsea nidularis
Litsea ochracea
Litsea penangiana
Litsea philippinensis
Litsea pruriens
Litsea resinosa
Litsea robusta
Litsea spathacea
Litsea teysmannii
Litsea timoriana
Litsea tomentosa
Litsea turfosa
Litsea umbellata
Litsea versteeghii
Litsea wrayi
Litsea angulata
Litsea artocarpifolia
Litsea aurea
Litsea calophyllantha
Litsea castanea
Litsea collina
Litsea confusa
Litsea cordata
Litsea costalis
Litsea costata
Litsea crassifolia
Litsea curtisii
Litsea cylindrocarpa
Litsea densiflora
Litsea domarensis
Litsea elliptica
Litsea engleriana
Litsea erectinervia
Litsea euphlebia
Litsea fenestrata
Litsea ferruginea
Litsea firma
Litsea fulva
Litsea glutinosa
Litsea gracilipes
Litsea grandis
Litsea irianensis
Litsea johorensis
Litsea ledermannii
Litsea leytensis
Litsea luzonica
Litsea machilifolia
Litsea magnifica
Litsea maingayi
Litsea maluensis
Litsea monopetala
Litsea myristicaefolia
Litsea nidularis
Litsea ochracea
Litsea penangiana
Litsea philippinensis
Litsea pruriens
Litsea resinosa
Litsea robusta
Litsea spathacea
Litsea teysmannii
Litsea timoriana
Litsea tomentosa
Litsea turfosa
Litsea umbellata
Litsea versteeghii
Litsea wrayi
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