4695

5(2): Timber trees; Minor commercial timbers

Terminalia L.

Syst. nat. ed. 12, 2: 674 (1767); Mant. pl.: 21, 128 (1767).

COMBRETACEAE

x = 12; Terminalia arjuna: n = 12 + 0—2B, 2n = 24, 26, Terminalia bellirica: 2n = 24, 26, 48, Terminalia catappa: 2n = 24, Terminalia chebula: 2n = 14, 24, 26, 36, 48, 72, Terminalia ivorensis: 2n = 24, Terminalia myriocarpa: n = 12

Trade groups Terminalia: lightweight to medium-weight hardwood, e.g. Terminalia citrina (Gaertner) Roxb. ex Fleming, Terminalia copelandii Exell, Terminalia microcarpa Decne.
In Papua New Guinea, terminalia timber is divided into several distinct trade groups, mainly according to the colour of the wood.

Terminalia. Indonesia: ketapang, jaha, kelumpit. Malaysia: jelawai (Peninsular), ketapang (Peninsular, Sarawak), talisai (Sabah). Papua New Guinea: talis, gahwah, gaurah. Philippines: binggas, kalumpit, lanipau. Burma (Myanmar): taukyan. Thailand: haen. Vietnam: chi[ee]u li[ee]u, c[aa]y b[aw]ng.

Terminalia is a pantropical genus of about 200 species. It occurs throughout the Malesian area towards Polynesia and northern Australia. Few species have been introduced within Malesia, and about 50 species are found naturally. The latter are distributed as follows: Peninsular Malaysia 8 species, Sumatra 11, Java 6, Borneo 8, Sulawesi 10, the Lesser Sunda Islands 10, the Moluccas 7, the Philippines 12 and New Guinea 36.

The wood of Terminalia is used for light construction, door and window frames, coffin boards, mouldings, beams, rafters, joists, flooring, furniture, carts, agricultural implements, tool handles, spindles, shuttles, picker sticks, boat building including dug-out canoes made from large stems, masts, mine props, foundation piles, veneer and plywood.
Some species are important tannin-producing trees, the tannin usually being extracted from the fruits and bark. A dye extracted from the fruits and bark is used for dyeing cloth, matting, and rattan black or as a yellow, brown or red dye. The kernel of some species is edible and considered one of the best flavoured tropical nuts. An edible oil can be extracted from the seed. Fruits have medicinal properties; when unripe they purge, and when ripe they have astringent properties. Furthermore, the flowers, bark, leaves and stem (or their extracts) are used in traditional medicine.

In Papua New Guinea, Terminalia is one of the major export timbers and is classified in MEP (Minimum Export Price) group 2; in 1992 saw logs fetched a minimum price of US$ 60/m³. Export of Terminalia timber from Sabah in 1992 was only 2620 m³ (95% as logs and 5% as sawn timber) with a total value of US$ 195 000 (US$ 70/m³ for logs and US$ 185/m³ for sawn timber). The import in Japan in 1987 amounted to 2.2% of the total timber import from Papua New Guinea; only very small amounts were imported from Sabah and Sarawak. Very small amounts of "taukyan"" (Terminalia alata and Terminalia crenulata Roth.) from India and Burma (Myanmar) have been imported in Japan.

Terminalia yields a lightweight to medium-weight hardwood. The colour of the heartwood is variable. The colour groupings are brown, pale brown, red-brown, pale yellow and yellow-brown. The sapwood is normally slightly paler, but it is sometimes not well demarcated from the heartwood. The density is (210—)280—905(—1040) kg/m³ at 12% moisture content. The grain is straight or interlocked, the texture moderately fine to moderately coarse.
At 12% moisture content the modulus of rupture is 68—111.5 N/mm², modulus of elasticity 9935—15 080 N/mm², compression parallel to grain 37—61 N/mm², compression perpendicular to grain 5—13 N/mm², shear 8—13.5 N/mm², cleavage 42.5—46 N/mm radial and 48—65 N/mm tangential, Janka side hardness 2650—8660 N and Janka end hardness 4985—10 495 N.
The rates of shrinkage are moderately small to moderately high: 1.0—4.0% radial and 2.3—6.5% tangential from green to 12% moisture content. Seasoning is generally easy and rapid with little degrade, although stacks may have to be weighted to prevent bowing and twisting. Kiln drying is fairly rapid under moderate schedules. Moisture movement of the wood in service is low.
Terminalia wood is easy to work with machine and hand tools. When present, interlocked grain tends to pick up in planing and gives a woolly finish. In this case a 20° cutting angle is recommended. The wood finishes and polishes well, with a slight satiny lustre, but it may be necessary to use a filler. It glues, sands, screws and nails well, although pre-boring is often necessary to prevent splitting. The steam-bending properties of Terminalia catappa are poor. Peeling properties are fair to good. Quarter-cut veneers of Terminalia brassii show attractive striped faces. Terminalia brassii yields good-quality pulp. The dust of some species may cause dermatitis.
The wood is rated as non-durable in contact with the ground or when exposed. It is easily attacked by termites, pinhole borers, marine borers and blue stain, and the sapwood is also susceptible to Lyctus borer attack. Sapwood is generally easily treated with preservatives, but sometimes it is moderately resistant, whereas heartwood is moderately resistant to very resistant and penetration may be erratic; dip-diffusion of green wood of the yellow-brown terminalia group proved effective, but preservatives are leachable and timber treated in this way should not come in contact with the ground. Absorption of creosote by Terminalia bellirica wood is 130 kg/m³, by Terminalia myriocarpa wood 190 kg/m³, and by the wood of other species probably under 80 kg/m³.
Wood of Terminalia subspathulata contains 67% holocellulose, 43% 'ALFA'-cellulose, 25% lignin, 14% pentosan and 0.4% ash. The solubility is 3.3% in alcohol-benzene, 5.2% in hot water and 16% in a 1% NaOH solution.
The fruits and bark are often rich in tannins, up to 23% in the bark (e.g. Terminalia catappa), and as much as 40% in fruits (e.g. Terminalia chebula). The tannins are classified as ellagitannins (esters of ellagic acid) and are quite complex in nature.

Medium-sized but more frequently large evergreen or semi-deciduous trees up to 50(—60) m tall; bole long and straight, cylindrical, up to 150(—300) cm in diameter, usually with large plank buttresses or stilt roots; bark surface longitudinally fissured or shallowly cracked and flaky, yellow-brown to greyish-brown, inner bark fibrous, tawny brown to yellowish or red; branching often sympodial, crown with branches in false whorls from the main stem and commonly pagoda-like in young trees. Leaves usually arranged spirally, often crowded at the end of the branchlets, simple and entire, pinnately veined, often minutely verrucose and pellucid-punctate due to aggregations of calcium oxalate crystals, frequently with 2 or more glands near the base of the blade or on the petiole; stipules absent. Flowers in an axillary spike or less often in a terminal panicle, in both cases with stalked male flowers towards the apex and sessile bisexual ones towards the base, actinomorphic, (4—)5-merous; calyx hairy or glabrous, united into a tube below (the receptacle), more or less constricted above the tube and apically expanding into a shallow cup terminated by calyx lobes; petals absent; stamens usually 10, exserted, anthers dorsifixed; ovary inferior, unilocular, with 2(—4) pendulous ovules, style simple, free and exserted; disk intrastaminal, usually hairy. Fruit a pseudocarp (true fruit enclosed in the receptacle), indehiscent, very variable, often fleshy and drupe-like, sometimes dry and leathery or corky, often 2—5-winged, sometimes not winged, with sclerenchymatous endocarp, 1-seeded. Seedling of Terminalia bellirica with hypogeal germination, other Terminalia species with epigeal germination.

— Macroscopic characters:
Heartwood pale brown, reddish-brown, or yellowish-brown to brown, often with yellowish or pinkish patches or streaks (e.g. Terminalia archipelagi, Terminalia canaliculata, Terminalia catappa, Terminalia copelandii, Terminalia kaernbachii, Terminalia microcarpa, Terminalia oreadum, Terminalia sepicana, Terminalia solomonensis), sometimes with more or less regular black streaks (e.g. Terminalia alata), distinctly or sometimes fairly indistinctly demarcated from the sapwood (pale yellowish-brown to pale brown with irregular patches or streaks with a yellowish tinge). Grain straight to interlocked. Texture moderately fine to moderately coarse. Growth rings generally not distinct, sometimes fairly distinct to distinct (usually in species with long concentric parenchyma bands); parenchyma visible to the naked eye or with a hand lens. Dark-coloured tangential zones of axial traumatic canals present, generally in short arcs.
— Microscopic characters:
Growth rings, if distinct, marked by periodic variation of parenchyma bands and slight decrease in diameter of vessels from earlywood to latewood. Vessels diffuse, 2—5/mm² (Terminalia brassii) to 13—23/mm² (Terminalia steenisiana), solitary and in radial multiples of 2—4, the percentage of solitary vessels usually over 50%, tangential diameter usually 150—300 µm, in some species vessels smaller or larger; perforations simple; intervessel pits alternate, vestured, round, 5—8 µm in diameter; vessel-ray and vessel-parenchyma pits very similar to intervessel pits; amorphous to granular contents or thin-walled tyloses occasionally present. Fibres 1.2—1.4 mm long, non-septate or sometimes with septa (e.g. in Terminalia alata, Terminalia calamansanai, Terminalia microcarpa), thin-walled to thick-walled (walls usually 3.5—4.0 µm thick), with sparse, small and indistinct pits. Parenchyma vasicentric to wing-like, short-confluent, occasionally tending to longer confluent bands, especially near the growth ring boundaries, usually in 5—7-celled strands. Rays 5—8(—9)/mm (Terminalia complanata) to 9—15/mm (Terminalia calamansanai), predominantly uniseriate and homocellular (e.g. Terminalia alata, Terminalia bialata Steud., Terminalia brassii, Terminalia calamansanai, Terminalia megalocarpa) or uniseriate and multiseriate (up to 4(—5)-seriate) and homocellular or occasionally with a row of square marginal cells (Kribs type heterogenous III; other species studied), 0.1—1.0(—1.5) mm high. Crystals absent (e.g. Terminalia brassii) or present, and, if present, usually frequent as druses, round or elongated, large (often over 100 µm in diameter) and in idioblasts, smaller crystals or styloids in ordinary cells, often over 100 µm long (e.g. Terminalia calamansanai, Terminalia megalocarpa), or druses, styloids and prismatic crystals in axial parenchyma (e.g. Terminalia oreadum). Silica inclusions absent. Occasionally, axial traumatic canals with dark contents present in short or relatively long arcs (e.g. Terminalia archipelagi, Terminalia complanata and Terminalia oreadum).
Species studied: Terminalia alata, Terminalia archboldiana, Terminalia archipelagi, Terminalia bialata, Terminalia brassii, Terminalia calamansanai, Terminalia canaliculata, Terminalia catappa, Terminalia complanata, Terminalia copelandii, Terminalia kaernbachii, Terminalia longespicata, Terminalia megalocarpa, Terminalia microcarpa, Terminalia oreadum, Terminalia sepicana, Terminalia solomonensis, Terminalia steenisiana.

Trees of Terminalia bellirica planted at 1 m 6 m in Java have a mean annual increment in height of 1.6 m and in diameter of 2.1 cm at the age of 15 years; when sown directly at 1 m 3 m the annual height and diameter increment are 1.2 m and 1.3 cm, respectively, after 6 years. The mean annual increment for Terminalia kaernbachii is 2.6 m in height and 2.8 cm in diameter at the age of 8.5 years. Height increment of planted Terminalia alata was only 5 m in 10 years. The mean annual diameter increment of Terminalia ivorensis and Terminalia superba on the Solomon Islands is 1.4—3.6 cm and 1.8—3.1 cm, respectively, at 9—16 years.
The development of the trees is according to Aubréville's architectural model, so called "pagoda trees"" or "Terminalia branching"": growth is determined by a monopodial trunk with rhythmic growth, bearing whorled branch tiers, and branches plagiotropic by apposition. Terminalia catappa has a leaf-exchanging habit: the old leaves senesce at the same time that the new ones flush.
Terminalia has an effective system of self-incompatibility. The flowers are pollinated by various insects (Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera). The flowering-to-fruiting period of Terminalia subspathulata is 4 months in natural forest in Peninsular Malaysia. Several species have corky fruits or fruits containing air chambers and are thus adapted to dispersal by water.

Flowering or sterile material is often difficult to identify to the species level with certainty. Fruit characters in combination with characters of the leaves are generally quite specific. Species with winged fruits look similar to Combretum trees, although the latter genus generally comprises lianas. Terminalia fruits differ from those of Combretum in having an at least partially sclerenchymatous endocarp.

The Malesian species of Terminalia generally occur as elements of the canopy layer, sometimes of the subcanopy layer, in evergreen, semi-deciduous or sometimes deciduous, primary and secondary forest. Most species prefer moist locations like swamp forest or periodically flooded riverine forest, but are also found in hill forest, teak forest, and even in dry mixed dipterocarp forest; some species are littoral. Terminalia is mostly found at low altitudes but few individual species may ascend up to 2000 m altitude. The climate ranges from everwet to seasonal.

Terminalia can be propagated by seed including direct sowing, by cuttings, grafting, and wildlings. Seed is readily and severely attacked by insects and other animals, even before fruit fall. Nevertheless, it should be collected from the ground, as seed still on the tree may not be fully mature. The number of fruits and seeds per kg of different species is very variable: for Terminalia alata 330—550 fruits, for Terminalia bellirica about 520 seeds, for Terminalia catappa about 500 seeds, for Terminalia ivorensis 5500—7300 seeds, for Terminalia myriocarpa 8800—9900 seeds, for Terminalia superba 8000—10 000 fruits, for Terminalia calamansanai about 14 000 dewinged seeds, and for Terminalia brassii about 70 000 seeds. In general, seed viability diminishes rapidly, with the exception of Terminalia superba, the seed of which can be stored in sealed containers at 2—4°C for 1 year, and some Indian species (e.g. seed of Terminalia alata can be stored under ambient conditions for 2 years, and seed of Terminalia arjuna for as long as 3 years). Terminalia catappa seed remains viable for a long time and its fruits may be transported over long distances by sea water. Dried seed of Terminalia brassii with a moisture content of 5% can be stored for a prolonged period at temperatures under —20°C.
There are considerable differences in seed viability between species: for Terminalia alata the germination rate is 5—50%, for Terminalia arjuna 60—80%, for Terminalia bellirica 4—100%, for Terminalia calamansanai 55—80%, for Terminalia catappa 25—70%, for Terminalia chebula up to 50%, for Terminalia ivorensis 10—50% but up to 93% under experimental temperature fluctuations, for Terminalia myriocarpa about 65%, for Terminalia phellocarpa about 95%, for Terminalia subspathulata about 75%, and for Terminalia superba 60—80%. Seed of some species is pretreated by soaking in water for 24—48 hours, by manual scarification, or, in the case of Terminalia ivorensis, by alternate days of soaking and drying for one week. Terminalia catappa seed has been found not to benefit from various pretreatments.
Covering of seeds or fruits in the seed-bed is important for increasing the germination percentage. Light shade is generally applied during germination, but it should be removed after 1—2 months. Adequate moisture during germination is a prerequisite. Germination generally starts within 2 weeks after sowing and lasts for another 2—5 weeks; seed of Terminalia phellocarpa started germinating only after 3.5 months and the last seed germinated 7 months after sowing.
Pricking out should be carried out early enough to avoid disturbing the rapidly developing taproot. For Terminalia superba pricking out is recommended 6 weeks after sowing when 2 leaves have developed, whereas for Terminalia ivorensis it should be as soon as the 2 cotyledons unfold. Seedlings of Terminalia are ready for planting when they are 20—30 cm tall. Stumps of Terminalia ivorensis should have a diameter of at least 1.3 cm, striplings should be 120—180 cm tall. Large diameter stumps (3—4 cm) are recommended for Terminalia alata. The use of stumps and striplings of Terminalia brassii and Terminalia calamansanai in plantations in the Solomon Islands was not satisfactory; only pot plants of these species should be used. Wildlings have been successfully used for Terminalia superba. Cuttings of Terminalia superba and Terminalia ivorensis rooted in 2 weeks, with a rooting percentage of 11—100% for Terminalia superba depending on the degree of rejuvenation.
Direct sowing of Terminalia bellirica in Java was successful. Terminalia brassii is planted in Papua New Guinea at 2.7 m 2.7 m, in the Solomon Islands at 3.0—4.5 m 3.0—4.5 m. Terminalia superba is planted in Africa at 6—14 m 6—14 m, Terminalia bellirica in Java at 1 m 3 m. Terminalia superba can be planted on a wide variety of sites, whereas Terminalia ivorensis does not tolerate waterlogging, shallow soils over hardpans or dry sands. Terminalia brassii tolerates anaerobic soil conditions and Terminalia alata requires moist soil conditions and deep, heavy, clayey soils.

Considerable experience is available in the silviculture of a number of Terminalia species, notably Terminalia brassii, Terminalia calamansanai and Terminalia catappa, especially in the Solomon Islands. Terminalia superba and Terminalia ivorensis are very well-known plantation species in tropical Africa and have been planted in the Solomon Islands as well. During the first 1—2 years Terminalia trees can tolerate light to moderate shade rather well. Thereafter they should receive full overhead light for optimal growth; they are considered as pioneer trees.
Weeding is necessary during the first 3—4 years after planting. Under the rather dense crowns of direct sown Terminalia bellirica in Java (spacing 1 m 3 m) no weeds could develop. Most species, with the apparent exception of Terminalia catappa, have good to extremely good self-pruning capacity; for Terminalia superba the tree is branchless for 70—80%, occasionally up to 90% of the total tree height. Because of the wide spreading branches, the trees need much space; final stocking for Terminalia calamansanai in the Solomon Islands is 60 trees/ha and for Terminalia superba in Congo and Ivory Coast (Africa) 70 trees/ha corresponding to a spacing of 12 m 12 m. For this reason, Terminalia ivorensis is more suitable for line planting than for planting in pure plantations. Coppicing ability is good for a number of Terminalia species planted in Africa and India. Terminalia chebula is known to withstand fire well, but Terminalia superba and Terminalia ivorensis are very vulnerable in this respect.
The rotation applied for pulpwood production of Terminalia brassii and Terminalia calamansanai in the Solomon Islands is 10—11 years and for sawlog production it is estimated at 20 years. The rotation for Terminalia ivorensis and Terminalia superba as applied in Africa is 40 years in favourable locations.

In the Solomon Islands, Terminalia calamansanai and Terminalia brassii are attacked by the larva of a cerambycid borer, Oxymagis hormi, but they protect themselves to some extent by gum exudates. Seventeen species of defoliating caterpillars have been observed on Terminalia calamansanai, but none of them constitutes a major pest. Roeselia lignifera is considered as potentially dangerous in the Solomon Islands for Terminalia brassii plantations; the caterpillar of this moth has completely defoliated 3—4-year-old stands in Papua New Guinea.

It is difficult to extract Terminalia brassii from natural forest because of the usually wet soil conditions.

The mean annual volume increment of a trial plantation of Terminalia bellirica in Java planted at 1 m 6 m was 6 m³/ha at the age of 15 years. The mean annual increment of Terminalia brassii on fertile riverine sites in Papua New Guinea was 25—35 m³/ha, and in the Solomon Islands it was 16 m³/ha and 20 m³/ha, respectively in plantations of 12 years at spacings of 3 m 3 m and 4.5 m 4.5 m. Increment and yield figures for Terminalia calamansanai in the Solomon Islands are considered to be very similar to those of Terminalia brassii. Yields of Terminalia ivorensis in plantations in Africa range from 8—20 m³/ha annually and for Terminalia superba 9—25 m³/ha, and 45 m³/ha for plantations at 6 m 6 m up to the age of 10 years.

Freshly felled logs are easily attackedby blue stain and pinhole borers and logs should be converted as soon as possible. Logs of old T. brassii trees tend to sink.

Plantations of some Terminalia species have been established from different seed sources. However, many species have a small area of distribution, and conservation of genetic resources depends on habitat conservation.

Terminalia is self-incompatible. Selection and breeding of Terminalia superba and Terminalia ivorensis started in the 1960s in Africa. Since then, plus trees with superior growth rate and stem form have been selected and clone banks have been established. It is known that there are significant clonal differences in Terminalia superba in wood formation e.g. regarding rate of growth and radial dimensions of vessels, fibres and parenchyma.

Terminalia brassii has good potential for reafforestation of swampy lowland tropical areas because of its natural tolerance for swampy conditions. Many other Terminalia species are promising plantation species as growth is fast and silvicultural characteristics are rather well known.

Coode, M.J.E., 1978. Combretaceae. In: Womersley, J.S. (Editor): Handbooks of the flora of Papua New Guinea. Vol. 1. Melbourne University Press, Carlton. pp. 51-110.
Exell, A.W., 1954. Combretaceae. In: van Steenis, C.G.G.J. (Editor): Flora Malesiana. Ser. 1, Vol. 4. Noordhoff-Kolff, Djakarta. pp. 533-589.
Fenton, R., Roper, R.E. & Watt, G.R., 1977. Lowland tropical hardwoods. An annotated bibliography of selected species with plantation potential. External Aid Division, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Wellington. pp. TB1-TB15, TC1-TC9, TCa1-TCa12, TI1-TI14, TS1-TS27.
Groulez, J. & Wood, P.J., 1985. Terminalia superba, a monograph. Commonwealth Forestry Institute, University of Oxford & Centre Technique Forestier Tropical, Nogent-sur-Marne. 77 pp.
Kochummen, K.M., 1983. Combretaceae. In: Whitmore, T.C., (Editor): Tree flora of Malaya. A manual for foresters. 2nd edition. Vol. 1. Malayan Forest Records No 26. Forest Research Institute Malaysia. Longman Malaysia SDN. Berhad, Kuala Lumpur. pp. 172-178.
Lamb, A.F.A. & Ntima, O.O., 1971. Terminalia ivorensis. Fast growing timber trees of the lowland tropics No 5. Commonwealth Forestry Institute, Department of Forestry, University of Oxford. Oxford. 72 pp.
Lamprecht, H., 1989. Silviculture in the tropics. Tropical forest ecosystems and their tree species, possibilities and methods for their long-term utilization. GTZ, Eschborn, Germany. pp. 270-273.
Nanakorn, W., 1985. The genus Terminalia (Combretaceae) in Thailand. Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany) 15: 59-107.
Troup, R.S., 1921. The silviculture of Indian trees. Vol. II: Leguminosae (Caesalpiniaceae) to Verbenaceae. Clarendon Press, Oxford. pp. 507-537.
van Vliet, G.J.C.M., 1979. Wood anatomy of the Combretaceae. Blumea 25: 141-223.
Selection of species

M.S.M. Sosef (general part, selection of species), E. Boer (general part), W.G. Keating (properties), S. Sudo (wood anatomy), L. Phuphathanaphong (selection of species)

Terminalia alata
Terminalia archboldiana
Terminalia archipelagi
Terminalia arjuna
Terminalia bellirica
Terminalia brassii
Terminalia calamansanai
Terminalia canaliculata
Terminalia catappa
Terminalia chebula
Terminalia citrina
Terminalia complanata
Terminalia copelandii
Terminalia darlingii
Terminalia eddowesii
Terminalia foetidissima
Terminalia impediens
Terminalia ivorensis
Terminalia kaernbachii
Terminalia katikii
Terminalia longespicata
Terminalia macadamii
Terminalia megalocarpa
Terminalia microcarpa
Terminalia morobensis
Terminalia myriocarpa
Terminalia nitens
Terminalia oreadum
Terminalia pellucida
Terminalia phellocarpa
Terminalia polyantha
Terminalia rubiginosa
Terminalia sepicana
Terminalia solomonensis
Terminalia steenisiana
Terminalia subspathulata
Terminalia superba
Terminalia supitiana
Terminalia triptera

Sosef, M.S.M., Boer, E., Keating, W.G. & Sudo, S., L. Phuphathanaphong, 1995. Terminalia L.. In: Lemmens, R.H.M.J., Soerianegara, I. and Wong, W.C. (Editors): Plant Resources of South-East Asia No 5(2): Timber trees; Minor commercial timbers. PROSEA Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. Database record: prota4u.org/prosea

The following species in this genus are important in this commodity group and are treated separatedly in this database:
Terminalia alata
Terminalia archboldiana
Terminalia archipelagi
Terminalia arjuna
Terminalia bellirica
Terminalia brassii
Terminalia calamansanai
Terminalia canaliculata
Terminalia catappa
Terminalia chebula
Terminalia citrina
Terminalia complanata
Terminalia copelandii
Terminalia darlingii
Terminalia eddowesii
Terminalia foetidissima
Terminalia impediens
Terminalia ivorensis
Terminalia kaernbachii
Terminalia katikii
Terminalia longespicata
Terminalia macadamii
Terminalia megalocarpa
Terminalia microcarpa
Terminalia morobensis
Terminalia myriocarpa
Terminalia nitens
Terminalia oreadum
Terminalia pellucida
Terminalia phellocarpa
Terminalia polyantha
Terminalia rubiginosa
Terminalia sepicana
Terminalia solomonensis
Terminalia steenisiana
Terminalia subspathulata
Terminalia superba
Terminalia supitiana
Terminalia triptera