Record Number
4747
PROSEA Handbook Number
5(2): Timber trees; Minor commercial timbers
Taxon
Vitex pinnata L.
This article should be read together with the article on the genus: Vitex in the Handbook volume indicated above in this database.
This article should be read together with the article on the genus: Vitex in the Handbook volume indicated above in this database.
Protologue
Sp. pl. 2: 638 ("938""; 1753).
Synonyms
Vitex pubescens Vahl (1794).
Vernacular Names
Indonesia: laban (general), kalapapa (Kalimantan), gulimpapa (Sulawesi). Malaysia: leban tandok (Peninsular), leban buas (Sarawak), kulim papa (Sabah). Philippines: hairy-leafed molave. Burma (Myanmar): kyetyoh. Thailand: tinnok (central, northern), samo-tinpet (peninsular). Vietnam: b[if]nh linh l[oo]ng.
Distribution
India, Sri Lanka (rare), Bangladesh, Burma (Myanmar), Indo-China, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi, the Lesser Sunda Islands and the Philippines (Palawan); introduced in tropical Africa and South America.
Uses
The timber is not of commercial importance because it is usually not available in larger dimensions. It is, however, locally favoured for construction, boats and implements, and it is used as fuelwood. The leaves and bark are used in local medicine against stomach-ache, as febrifuge and to heal wounds.
Observations
A small to medium-sized tree, up to 25(—30) m tall, with often crooked bole up to 70 cm in diameter; leaves (3—)5-foliolate, leaflets pubescent below; inflorescence terminal, paniculate, with prominent bracts; calyx lobes subequal, c. 2 mm long, corolla bluish-white to violet; fruit subglobose, 7—13 mm in diameter, purplish-black when mature. Vitex pinnata is common in many areas, especially in more open habitats, secondary forest and on river banks. The density of the wood is 800—950 kg/m3 at 15% moisture content; the wood is hard and durable.
Image
 | Vitex pinnata L. – 1, tree habit; 2, leaf; 3, flower; 4, fruiting twig. |
Selected Sources
[18]Aminuddin, M. & Ng, F.S.P., 1982. Influence of light on germination of Pinus caribaea, Gmelina arborea, Sapium baccatum and Vitex pinnata. Malaysian Forester 45(1): 62–68.
[31]Atmawidjaja, R., 1987. Inventarisasi jenis kayu yang kurang dikenal [Inventory of lesser-known timber species]. In: Prosiding diskusi pemanfaatan kayu kurang dikenal. 13–14 Januari, 1987. Cisarua, Bogor. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kehutanan, Bogor. pp. 107–114.
[36]Backer, C.A. & Bakhuizen van den Brink, R.C., 1963–1968. Flora of Java. 3 volumes. Noordhoff, Groningen.
[47]Barnard, R.C., 1956. A manual of Malayan silviculture for inland lowland forests. Research Pamphlet No 14. Forest Research Institute, Kepong. 199 pp.
[51]Beekman, H., 1920. 78 Preanger houtsoorten. Beschrijving, afbeelding en determinatietabel [78 Priangan wood species. Description, pictures and identification key]. Mededeelingen No 5. Proefstation voor het Boschwezen, Buitenzorg. 186 pp.
[69]Browne, F.G., 1955. Forest trees of Sarawak and Brunei and their products. Government Printing Office, Kuching. xviii + 369 pp.
[73]Burger, D., 1972. Seedlings of some tropical trees and shrubs mainly of South East Asia. Pudoc, Wageningen. 399 pp.
[77]Burgess, P.F., 1966. Timbers of Sabah. Sabah Forest Records No 6. Forest Department, Sabah, Sandakan. xviii + 501 pp.
[78]Burkill, I.H., 1966. A dictionary of the economic products of the Malay Peninsula. 2nd edition. Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operatives, Kuala Lumpur. Vol. 1 (A–H) pp. 1–1240. Vol. 2 (I–Z) pp. 1241–2444.
[120]Dassanayake, M.D. & Fosberg, F.R. (Editors), 1980–. A revised handbook to the flora of Ceylon. Amerind Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
[134]den Berger, L.G., 1926. Mechanical properties of Dutch East Indian timbers. Korte mededeelingen No 12. Proefstation voor het Boschwezen, Buitenzorg. viii + 63 pp.
[135]den Berger, L.G., 1926. Houtsoorten der cultuurgebieden van Java en Sumatra's oostkust [Tree species of the cultivated areas of Java and the east coast of Sumatra]. Mededeelingen No 13. Proefstation voor het Boschwezen, Buitenzorg. 186 pp.
[148]Eidman, F.E., 1933. Kiemingsonderzoek bij een 55-tal wildhoutsoorten en groenbemesters [Research on the germination of seeds of some 55 tree species and green manures]. Mededeelingen No 26. Boschbouwproefstation, Buitenzorg. 156 pp.
[149]Eidmann, F.E., 1933. Stekken en stumps [Cuttings and stumps]. Korte Mededeelingen No 36. Boschbouwproefstation, Buitenzorg. 63 pp.
[218]Hardjowasono, M.S., 1942. Gewicht en volume van verschillende vrucht- en zaadsoorten [Weight and volume of fruits and seeds]. Korte mededelingen No 20. Bosbouwproefstation, Buitenzorg. 172 pp.
[219]Hart, H.M.J., 1929. Culturen op de slechte mergelgronden van Tanggoeng tot Goendih [Cultures on poor limestone soils from Tanggoeng to Goendih]. Mededeelingen No 23. Proefstation voor het Boschwezen, Buitenzorg. 272 pp.
[220]Hart, H.M.J., 1931. Gemengde djaticulturen deel II [Mixed teak plantations part II]. Mededeelingen No 24. Proefstation voor het Boschwezen, Buitenzorg. 400 pp.
[234]Heyne, K., 1927. De nuttige planten van Nederlands-Indid [The useful plants of the Dutch East Indies]. 2nd edition, 3 volumes. Departement van Landbouw, Nijverheid en Handel in Nederlandsch-Indid, 's-Gravenhage. 1953 pp.
[261]Japing, H.W. & Oey Djoen Seng, 1936. Cultuurproeven met wildhoutsoorten in Gadoengan – met overzicht van de literatuur betreffende deze soorten [Trial plantations of non teak wood species in East Java – with survey of literature about these species]. Korte mededeelingen van het Boschbouwproefstation no. 55, part I to VI. Buitenzorg. 270 pp.
[302]Koorders, S.H., 1912. Exkursionsflora von Java [Excursion flora of Java]. Vol. 2. Gustav Fischer, Jena. 742 pp.
[303]Koorders, S.H. & Valeton, T., 1894–1915. Bijdrage tot de kennis der boomsoorten van Java [Contribution to the knowledge of the tree species of Java]. 13 parts. G. Kolff & Co., Batavia, 's-Gravenhage.
[331]Kramer, F., 1925. Kultuurproeven met industrie-, konstruktie- en luxe-houtsoorten [Investigations regarding the cultivation of different Javanese trees]. Mededeelingen No 12. Proefstation voor het Boschwezen, Buitenzorg. 99 pp.
[341]Lam, H.J., 1919. The Verbenaceae of the Malayan Archipelago, together with those from the Malayan Peninsula, the Philippines, the Bismarck Archipelago and the Palau-, Marianne- and Caroline-Islands. M. de Waal, Groningen. 370 pp. + 3 plates.
[344]Lam, H.J. & Bakhuizen van den Brink, R.C., 1921. Revision of the Verbenaceae of the Dutch East Indies and surrounding countries. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, STrie III, 3: 1–116.
[371]Letourneux, C., 1957. Tree planting practices in tropical Asia. FAO Forestry Development Paper No 11. FAO, Rome. 172 pp.
[442]Moldenke, H.N., 1957. Materials toward a monograph of the genus Vitex VIII. Phytologia 6(1): 13–69.
[443]Moldenke, H.N., 1957. Materials toward a monograph of the genus Vitex IX. Phytologia 6(2): 70–128.
[456]Ng, F.S.P., 1977. Germination of fresh seeds of Malaysian trees III. Malaysian Forester 40(3): 160–163.
[473]Oever, T.H., 1911. Kultuurproeven met een zestal wildhout soorten [Experiments on culture of 6 wood species]. Tectona 4: 393–429.
[529]Ridley, H.N., 1922–1925. The flora of the Malay Peninsula. 5 volumes. Government of the Straits Settlements and Federated Malay States. L. Reeve & Co., London.
[531]Rierink, A., 1938. Over de caloriemetrische verbrandingswaarde van een zestigtal Ned. Indische houtsoorten [The calorific value of about 60 woods from the Dutch East Indies]. Tectona 31: 400–418.
[642]Thorenaar, A., 1926. Onderzoek naar bruikbare kenmerken ter identificatie van boomen naar hun bast [Research on useful characteristics for the identification of trees from their bark]. H. Veenman & Zonen, Wageningen. 207 pp.
[648]Troup, R.S., 1921. Silviculture of Indian trees. 3 volumes. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
[674]Verhoef, L., 1943. Wortel studidn in de tropen VI. Nadere gegevens omtrent de zuurstofbehoefte van het wortelstelsel [Root studies in the tropics VI. Further data on the oxygen requirements of the root system]. Korte mededeelingen No 81. Boschbouwproefstation, Buitenzorg. 65 pp.
[705]Whitmore, T.C. & Ng, F.S.P. (Editors), 1972–1989. Tree flora of Malaya. A manual for foresters. 2nd edition. 4 volumes. Malayan Forest Records No 26. Longman Malaysia SDN. Berhad, Kuala Lumpur & Petaling Jaya.
[706]Whitmore, T.C., Tantra, I.G.M. & Sutisna, U., 1986–1990. Tree flora of Indonesia. Checklists for Sumatra, Sulawesi, Bali, Nusa Tengara & Timor, Maluku and Kalimantan. 6 volumes. Agency for Forestry Research and Development, Forest Research and Development Centre, Bogor.
[31]Atmawidjaja, R., 1987. Inventarisasi jenis kayu yang kurang dikenal [Inventory of lesser-known timber species]. In: Prosiding diskusi pemanfaatan kayu kurang dikenal. 13–14 Januari, 1987. Cisarua, Bogor. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kehutanan, Bogor. pp. 107–114.
[36]Backer, C.A. & Bakhuizen van den Brink, R.C., 1963–1968. Flora of Java. 3 volumes. Noordhoff, Groningen.
[47]Barnard, R.C., 1956. A manual of Malayan silviculture for inland lowland forests. Research Pamphlet No 14. Forest Research Institute, Kepong. 199 pp.
[51]Beekman, H., 1920. 78 Preanger houtsoorten. Beschrijving, afbeelding en determinatietabel [78 Priangan wood species. Description, pictures and identification key]. Mededeelingen No 5. Proefstation voor het Boschwezen, Buitenzorg. 186 pp.
[69]Browne, F.G., 1955. Forest trees of Sarawak and Brunei and their products. Government Printing Office, Kuching. xviii + 369 pp.
[73]Burger, D., 1972. Seedlings of some tropical trees and shrubs mainly of South East Asia. Pudoc, Wageningen. 399 pp.
[77]Burgess, P.F., 1966. Timbers of Sabah. Sabah Forest Records No 6. Forest Department, Sabah, Sandakan. xviii + 501 pp.
[78]Burkill, I.H., 1966. A dictionary of the economic products of the Malay Peninsula. 2nd edition. Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operatives, Kuala Lumpur. Vol. 1 (A–H) pp. 1–1240. Vol. 2 (I–Z) pp. 1241–2444.
[120]Dassanayake, M.D. & Fosberg, F.R. (Editors), 1980–. A revised handbook to the flora of Ceylon. Amerind Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
[134]den Berger, L.G., 1926. Mechanical properties of Dutch East Indian timbers. Korte mededeelingen No 12. Proefstation voor het Boschwezen, Buitenzorg. viii + 63 pp.
[135]den Berger, L.G., 1926. Houtsoorten der cultuurgebieden van Java en Sumatra's oostkust [Tree species of the cultivated areas of Java and the east coast of Sumatra]. Mededeelingen No 13. Proefstation voor het Boschwezen, Buitenzorg. 186 pp.
[148]Eidman, F.E., 1933. Kiemingsonderzoek bij een 55-tal wildhoutsoorten en groenbemesters [Research on the germination of seeds of some 55 tree species and green manures]. Mededeelingen No 26. Boschbouwproefstation, Buitenzorg. 156 pp.
[149]Eidmann, F.E., 1933. Stekken en stumps [Cuttings and stumps]. Korte Mededeelingen No 36. Boschbouwproefstation, Buitenzorg. 63 pp.
[218]Hardjowasono, M.S., 1942. Gewicht en volume van verschillende vrucht- en zaadsoorten [Weight and volume of fruits and seeds]. Korte mededelingen No 20. Bosbouwproefstation, Buitenzorg. 172 pp.
[219]Hart, H.M.J., 1929. Culturen op de slechte mergelgronden van Tanggoeng tot Goendih [Cultures on poor limestone soils from Tanggoeng to Goendih]. Mededeelingen No 23. Proefstation voor het Boschwezen, Buitenzorg. 272 pp.
[220]Hart, H.M.J., 1931. Gemengde djaticulturen deel II [Mixed teak plantations part II]. Mededeelingen No 24. Proefstation voor het Boschwezen, Buitenzorg. 400 pp.
[234]Heyne, K., 1927. De nuttige planten van Nederlands-Indid [The useful plants of the Dutch East Indies]. 2nd edition, 3 volumes. Departement van Landbouw, Nijverheid en Handel in Nederlandsch-Indid, 's-Gravenhage. 1953 pp.
[261]Japing, H.W. & Oey Djoen Seng, 1936. Cultuurproeven met wildhoutsoorten in Gadoengan – met overzicht van de literatuur betreffende deze soorten [Trial plantations of non teak wood species in East Java – with survey of literature about these species]. Korte mededeelingen van het Boschbouwproefstation no. 55, part I to VI. Buitenzorg. 270 pp.
[302]Koorders, S.H., 1912. Exkursionsflora von Java [Excursion flora of Java]. Vol. 2. Gustav Fischer, Jena. 742 pp.
[303]Koorders, S.H. & Valeton, T., 1894–1915. Bijdrage tot de kennis der boomsoorten van Java [Contribution to the knowledge of the tree species of Java]. 13 parts. G. Kolff & Co., Batavia, 's-Gravenhage.
[331]Kramer, F., 1925. Kultuurproeven met industrie-, konstruktie- en luxe-houtsoorten [Investigations regarding the cultivation of different Javanese trees]. Mededeelingen No 12. Proefstation voor het Boschwezen, Buitenzorg. 99 pp.
[341]Lam, H.J., 1919. The Verbenaceae of the Malayan Archipelago, together with those from the Malayan Peninsula, the Philippines, the Bismarck Archipelago and the Palau-, Marianne- and Caroline-Islands. M. de Waal, Groningen. 370 pp. + 3 plates.
[344]Lam, H.J. & Bakhuizen van den Brink, R.C., 1921. Revision of the Verbenaceae of the Dutch East Indies and surrounding countries. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, STrie III, 3: 1–116.
[371]Letourneux, C., 1957. Tree planting practices in tropical Asia. FAO Forestry Development Paper No 11. FAO, Rome. 172 pp.
[442]Moldenke, H.N., 1957. Materials toward a monograph of the genus Vitex VIII. Phytologia 6(1): 13–69.
[443]Moldenke, H.N., 1957. Materials toward a monograph of the genus Vitex IX. Phytologia 6(2): 70–128.
[456]Ng, F.S.P., 1977. Germination of fresh seeds of Malaysian trees III. Malaysian Forester 40(3): 160–163.
[473]Oever, T.H., 1911. Kultuurproeven met een zestal wildhout soorten [Experiments on culture of 6 wood species]. Tectona 4: 393–429.
[529]Ridley, H.N., 1922–1925. The flora of the Malay Peninsula. 5 volumes. Government of the Straits Settlements and Federated Malay States. L. Reeve & Co., London.
[531]Rierink, A., 1938. Over de caloriemetrische verbrandingswaarde van een zestigtal Ned. Indische houtsoorten [The calorific value of about 60 woods from the Dutch East Indies]. Tectona 31: 400–418.
[642]Thorenaar, A., 1926. Onderzoek naar bruikbare kenmerken ter identificatie van boomen naar hun bast [Research on useful characteristics for the identification of trees from their bark]. H. Veenman & Zonen, Wageningen. 207 pp.
[648]Troup, R.S., 1921. Silviculture of Indian trees. 3 volumes. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
[674]Verhoef, L., 1943. Wortel studidn in de tropen VI. Nadere gegevens omtrent de zuurstofbehoefte van het wortelstelsel [Root studies in the tropics VI. Further data on the oxygen requirements of the root system]. Korte mededeelingen No 81. Boschbouwproefstation, Buitenzorg. 65 pp.
[705]Whitmore, T.C. & Ng, F.S.P. (Editors), 1972–1989. Tree flora of Malaya. A manual for foresters. 2nd edition. 4 volumes. Malayan Forest Records No 26. Longman Malaysia SDN. Berhad, Kuala Lumpur & Petaling Jaya.
[706]Whitmore, T.C., Tantra, I.G.M. & Sutisna, U., 1986–1990. Tree flora of Indonesia. Checklists for Sumatra, Sulawesi, Bali, Nusa Tengara & Timor, Maluku and Kalimantan. 6 volumes. Agency for Forestry Research and Development, Forest Research and Development Centre, Bogor.
Author(s)
R.H.M.J. Lemmens
Correct Citation of this Article
Lemmens, R.H.M.J., 1995. Vitex pinnata L.. In: Lemmens, R.H.M.J., Soerianegara, I. and Wong, W.C. (Editors): Plant Resources of South-East Asia No 5(2): Timber trees; Minor commercial timbers. PROSEA Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. Database record: prota4u.org/prosea
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