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19: Essential-oil plants

Santalum spicatum (R. Br.) A. DC.

SANTALACEAE

Eucarya spicata (R. Br.) Sprague & Summerh., Santalum cygnorum Miquel, Santalum diversifolium (Miquel) A. DC.

West Australian sandalwood (En).

Australia (south-western and southern).

Santalum spicatum used to be extensively cut and exported as sandalwood (e.g. for wood carving, incense making and for the oil). At present it is only harvested in small quantities. West Australian sandalwood oil can be obtained by water or steam distillation of the wood. This is a pale yellow viscous liquid with a soft woody, somewhat balsamic sweetness; its top note is rather dry-bitter and slightly resinous; its main constituent is santalol. The oil is valuable in perfumery just like East Indian sandalwood oil. The oil is also used medicinally, particularly as a disinfectant for the urinary tract.

Semi-root-parasitic shrub, up to 4 m tall with tough grey bark and stiff spreading branches. Leaves opposite; petiole 3—5 mm long; blade lanceolate to narrowly elliptical, 2—7 cm x 3—15 mm, grey-green. Inflorescence a many-flowered panicle; peduncle 3—5 mm long, pedicel 1 mm long; receptacle 1—1.5 mm long; tepals 4, triangular-ovate, 1.5—2 mm long, red-green, with small tufts of hairs at base inside, persistent in fruit; disk shortly lobed; style 0.5 mm long, stigma bilobed. Fruit a globose drupe, 1.5—2 cm in diameter, green or brown; mesocarp firm, adhering to endocarp. Santalum spicatum occurs in loamy soils and among rocks in woodland and tall shrubland. Possibly of interest for introduction in South-East Asia because of its valuable wood and essential oil. Santalum acuminatum (R. Br.) A. DC. (synonym: Eucarya acuminata (R. Br.) Sprague & Summerh.), occurring in southern Australia, might be of interest as well; besides sandalwood it also produces an edible fruit, the quandong. In Fiji, Santalum yasi Seem. used to be a valuable source of sandalwood, but few trees now remain.

[1] Arctander, S., 1960. Perfume and flavor materials of natural origin. Published by the author, Elizabeth, New Jersey, United States. 736 pp.
[5] Burkill, I.H., 1935. A dictionary of the economic products of the Malay Peninsula. 2 volumes. Crown Agents for the Colonies, London, United Kingdom. 2402 pp. (slightly revised reprint, 1966. 2 volumes. Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 2444 pp.).
[9] Flora of Australia (various editors), 1980–. Vol. 1–. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, Australia.
[11] Groom, N., 1997. The new perfume handbook. 2nd edition. Blackie Academic & Professional, London, United Kingdom. 435 pp.
[43] Weiss, E.A., 1997. Essential oil crops. CAB International, Wallingford, United Kingdom. 600 pp.

P.C.M. Jansen

Jansen, P.C.M., 1999. Santalum spicatum (R. Br.) A. DC.. In: L.P.A. Oyen and Nguyen Xuan Dung (Editors): Plant Resources of South-East Asia No 19: Essential-oil plants. PROSEA Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. Database record: prota4u.org/prosea